Lack of Education Essay

Student life is full of charm and enjoy and everyone who is in practical life always seem to miss his/her student life. But the student life also has challenges and problems of its own. The students of developing countries like Pakistan have lots of problems, such as financial problems, poor transportation system, language barrier, incompetent teachers and many more. One of the problems faced by students is that usually they are not free to choose study programmes of their own choice. Parents normally impose upon them a field of study which may not be suitable for the child or which he doesn’t feel comfortable with to study. This is a very common problem of our society. A student may want to be a journalist or a photographer but his parents may select engineering for him. So when he gets admission to the engineering college, he does not perform well. He then starts to feel that he is not fit for the field. Parents should think about it and stop imposing study programmes on their children. They should only inform them about the scope and problems of every field, and let them choose a study programme. Students, after passing their matriculation examination, face too much confusion about the selection of their further studies. They don’t know which study area is best for them. Most of the students don’t even know different fields of studies other than engineering and medical due to lack of study and career counselling. They get admission to these programmes and then don’t get good marks. That’s when they can’t get admission to medical or engineering colleges, and become upset thinking about their career. We don’t have career counsellors in Pakistan other than a few institutions which hire career counsellors to guide their students. Students should have some basic knowledge about any profession before deciding to take it as their future profession. Students should be able to consult their teachers, parents and friends in this regard, particularly the persons that are already attached with the profession they are interested in.

Differences in Cultural Conceptions of Intelligence

There are many definitions of intelligence according to both formal and informal theories. Under formal theories, intelligence is associated to adaptation to the environment and the capability to learn. According to experts, there is an intelligence factor, referred to as g, which dictates all adaptive behaviors such as mental, verbal, creative and mechanical abilities. On the other hand, informal theories define intelligence using verbal, practical and social abilities. Conventional measurements of intelligence involve IQ (intelligence quotient) tests.However, different cultures define and measure intelligence differently. Western and Eastern cultures see intelligence in varying perspective according to important factors in each of these two societies (Sternberg et al, 2005). Western culture, such in the United States and most parts of Europe, traditionally defines intelligence as the mental capacity for analytical and reasoning as evidenced by strong performance in practical proble m solving, verbal and social skills.Accordingly, several tests in the United States are used to gauge a person’s intelligence. Examples are the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Intelligence Scales, Cognitive Abilities Test, and School and College Abilities Tests (Sternberg, 2007). Eastern cultures have an entirely different conventional view of intelligence. In China, for example, intelligence covers righteousness, benevolence, humility, self-knowledge and character as some of the traits that are associated when describing intelligence in addition to cognitive abilities.Furthermore, in Taiwanese Chinese, there are five conceptions regarding intelligence. These are cognitive, interpersonal, intrapersonal, intellectual self-assertion, and self-effacement. With the above differences in the perception of intelligence in two representative cultures such as the Chinese (Eastern) and American (Western), comes equivalent parameters that should be remembered to measure abilities. Each has its own methods for testing linguistic, spatial and interpersonal skills (Sternberg, 2007).For testing linguistic capabilities, it is important to take into account the use of appropriate language medium. The two cultures agree on using their native tongues for assessing intelligence of members of the said cultures. The English language is prevalently used in American schools; on the other hand, Chinese characters are common in schools in China. The use of figures and characters in the latter language gives advantage to Chinese students in their spatial abilities whereas abstract thinking and imagination is inspired in American setting.Therefore, a glaring contrast in tests given to American and Chinese students lies in the presence or degree of creativity and spatial skills tests, respectively. As mentioned above, there is great advantage among Chinese with regards to spatial thinking skills which can be attributed to the use of characters and physical represent ations in their language. On the other hand, emphasis is given on the use of alphanumeric characters in Western culture which partly results in abstract reasoning. This is why there are more tests dealing with creative thinking in Western than in Chinese culture.With regards to interpersonal skills, teamwork and collaboration is highlighted in the Western culture while in Eastern culture, the importance of excelling and being independent in order to provide or be an example to other people takes precedence. In other words the difference lies in the Eastern focus on the self as exemplified in the Taoist tradition unlike the Western’s emphasis on unity. Therefore, Eastern culture test for how best to surpass one’s successes while Western culture evaluate a person’s ability to be productive within a group (Sternberg, 2007).

Causes of American Divorce Essay Example for Free

Causes of American Divorce Essay For the last decade, the issue of American divorce has increased dramatically. A significant change in economical, psychological and emotional mind set could be the explanation of why so many American are ending their relationship in divorce. Issues such as, not having enough financial stability, lack of communication and lack of commitment, in other words infidelity, could provide an explanation to society of why divorce has increased throughout the years. The first cause of divorce may be because of not having enough financial stability from one of the spouses or both. The quote, â€Å"Money is the root of all evil,† may be true, especially when it comes to American marriages. Although, instead, the quote should say â€Å"Money is the root to all reasons marriages fail.† Money may not be the only reason it fails but could be one of the reasons. An example of this could be, if a spouse is paying for necessity based things, such as, bills and food and the other spends too much on things that are useless, this could become a problem, especially when children are involved. Most married couples tend to forget that when they say their marriage vows, there is an important line that pertains to money and that is, â€Å"Til debt do us part.† Relationships sometimes begin and the spouse may not know the financial difficulties one may be having. This could cause a problem when the couples try to buy a house or a car. Frustration could come upon them and eventually end the marriage due to the arguments. However, financial problems might n ot be the only cause of divorce. The second cause of American marriages ending in divorce could be, lack of communication. Most couples tend to stay fairly busy with work or college and don’t get a large amount of time to talk about issues one may be facing with the other, for fear that an argument may happen. However, not talking about the issues could become a problem. For example, the spouse may do something the other doesn’t like and if it keeps happening, the petty problem could cause an outrage to spark and since they were unable to solve the problem before because of lack of communication it could lead to the marriage possibly failing. The quote, â€Å"Love is communication, so the bottom line is; a lack of communication is a lack of love,† could be true for most marriages because not talking could cause separation between the spouses. The third cause of American divorce could be lack of commitment or infidelity. Infidelity is the act of unfaithfulness to a person. This could be the number one cause of marriage failure. For example, a spouse may not be into the sexual arousal game as the other spouse is. This could then lead to the spouse engaging in sexual activity with someone other than the person they married to. Sexual desire is not the only form of infidelity. Lust may be consider as adultery as well. A spouse may begin to have fantasies of being with someone else or an intense desire of love toward a person. To conclude, the three possible reasons American marriages fail could be because of financial issues, lack of communication and lack of commitment or infidelity. The numbers are becoming dramatically alarming. To stop this problem from happening marriages should build their relationship on a strong foundation and beware of rushing into things before talking about. Communication should be an important matter in any relationship. Causes of American Divorce. (2017, Feb 08).

Michigan Liquor Control Commission Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Michigan Liquor Control Commission - Case Study Example . They can even decrease the transportation cost by directly supplying the goods to the retail outlets thus decreasing the number of state based stores. But downsizing may experience confrontation from the end of the labor unions as several workers will end up losing their jobs. The commission can even look at privatization as an option thus resulting in the decrease of the involvement of the state in the liquor industry. There are fewer chances that the state would take this option due to the heavy revenue earned from this sector. The money earned in revenue from liquor distribution and from the taxes applied on them is used for other welfare programs operated by the state. The state can invest in instituting proper information systems in order to identify issues in logistics and in order to meet customer demand in a better way. This implementation can be supported with increased supply of information between the retailers and the suppliers and thus will lead to better management of inventory and will lead to heavy reduction in cost. The state can even conduct bargaining with the suppliers as well as the retailers and distillers. Distillers store the supplied liquor and transfer it at higher prices to the sate stores and then the stores sell it at a much higher price. Thus the state can invest in MIS system to reduce the quantity of inventory managed by the distillers and negotiate with the state stores to charge lower markup in order to increase sales and can decrease the number of licenses it is issuing to retailers. 2. The best option available to the state for distilled liquor distribution is investment in proper management information system. A proper MIS system will increase the efficiency of distribution. This system will even decrease the quantity of liquor that is stored by distillers. A proper supply chain backed by management information system will report to the state about the needs of the consumers. Thus the amount of liquor supplied will be in c ompliance with consumer needs and extra storage cost will decline. The distillers will not have to store unpurified liquor for a longer period of time, thus they will charge lower storage cost. Decrease in storage cost will result in decline in the amount at which state stores obtain distilled liquor and thus they will sell it at lower prices to the retailers and the end customers will be able to obtain it at a much lower price. The problem with this issue is the implementation of change which may not be preferred by those who are inexperienced and do not have the proper training to work with the new change. Another cost will be the high cost of implementing a MIS system. The state cannot privatize the distribution of liquor as it will result in loss of heavy revenue. During the period of 1992 and 1993, the state earned total revenue of over $515 million through distribution of liquor (Bowersox, 1996, p.458). Secondly, privatization will result in reduction in cost of operations as private ownership will aim at gaining higher profits and thus they may close several second tier stores which will result in loss of jobs and this will not be liked by the unions such as the UAW and they might take up strike as an option, thus resulting in complete stoppage of the operations. 3. Several considerations might be of great amount of importance and are needed to be taken into consideration while making any changes. Previously the state had adopted prohibition policy in order to restrict the activity of bootlegging but still bootlegging continued to operate in the region of Michigan. The state realized that prohibition was not a good idea and they took the industry under their own control and ended up earning heavy amount of revenue and the heavy revenue it earned due to its

Second Language Teaching For Children Through Form Focused Instruction Essay

Second Language Teaching For Children Through Form Focused Instruction - Essay Example This report makes a conclusion that in relation to the recent pace of globalization, the process of emphasizing intercultural understanding has attained a greater attention of the nations to develop learning skills of the students. In this regard, second language learning mechanism of the educational institutions plays a pivotal role in terms of developing the skills of the learners to encourage intercultural understanding. In order to emphasize the teaching skills of the educators, numerous strategies and frameworks that substantially improves understanding of the learners especially the children to increase their proficiency in second or foreign language. In this context, focus on form can be duly accepted as one of the major strategies of the educators or the educational institutions to increase proficiency level of the children on a specific second language. This essay approves that the strategy of focusing on form provides a number of best practices to the educators to understan d the linguistic capability of the learners and make them proficient on a specific second language. An effective practice of focus on form empowers children to acquire adequate proficiency on second language. Moreover, the higher level of cognitive skills along with less consciousness on linguistic errors often enable the focus on form strategic practices to increase the second language skill of the children. With due regard to the observation of the framework used in Ontario schools, the core elements of teaching French as the second language of the students can also be accepted as an asset of best practices that fundamentally improve the teaching skills of the educators.

Nursing Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Philosophy - Essay Example People become patients when they seek assistance because of illness or for surgery. Some nurses believe that the word patient implies passive acceptance of the decisions and care of health professionals. With the emphasis on health promotion and prevention of illness, many recipients of nursing care are not ill. Moreover, nurses interact with family members and others to provide support, information, and comfort in addition to caring for the patient. For these reasons, nurses increasingly refer to recipients of health care as clients. A client is a person who engages the advice or service of another who is qualified to provide this service. The term client presents the receivers of health care as collaborators in the care, that is, as people who are also responsible for their own health. In 1995, the American Nurses Association (ANA) recognized the influence and contribution of the science of caring to nursing philosophy and practice. Their most recent definition of nursing acknowledges few essential features of contemporary nursing practice. (p.8) People's health beliefs influence their health practices. Thus a nurse's health values and practices may differ form those of a client. Nurses need to ensure that a plan of care developed for an individual relates to the clients conception of health. People are becoming increasingly aware of their environment and how it affects t

Creating and capturing value through corporate p ortfolio management Coursework

Creating and capturing value through corporate p ortfolio management - Coursework Example In this case, the ability to have effective strategies and approaches in managing their running costs and increasing their particular value chains goes a long way in increasing business’ competitive advantages. Despite the uncertain existing business environment, organisations in the modern times have remained to face mounting pressure in the process of creating effective and reliable innovation in order to grow, expand and remain successful (Bonham 2005, 27). In this case, technology has seemed to be the most reliable aid, helping organisations to develop various aspects of value addition and qualitative elements in the products and services they develop. Additionally, business organisations in modern times are supposed to ensure that they effectively maintain their costs and other operational efficiencies, something that pause a serious challenge especially as far as economic challenges that keep changing affects business practices. It is important to ensure that as the business prepare to grow and take on the increasing opportunities in different countries with globalisation; many are faced with inadequate abilities as far as portfolio management resources and practices is concerned (Brentani 2004, 51). Businesses are currently involved in various practices that can increase their abilities to undertake effective portfolio management, with the aim of creating effective competitive advantages and increasing their market share. This paper examines the process of effective portfolio management as undertaken by General Electric, an American company, a multinational conglomerate that deals in various aspects of energy, capital finance, technological infrastructure as well as different kinds of industrial and consumer products and services. General Electric, often abbreviated as GE is a multinational conglomerate that has an America origin, with its headquarters in New York City at the Fairfield, Connecticut (Wald 2011,

Discussion Week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Week 6 - Essay Example This will speed up medical service delivery, which is a benefit to the public besides shunning pregnancy related mortalities (Lewis, 2012). The organization will result to unreasonable rising of fees, which is a detriment to the parents and those intending to access post secondary education (Levy & Walton, 2009). Consequently, this will yield to transferring of income from consumers to the high earning organization’s shareholders, hence affecting economy adversely (Levy & Walton, 2009). Besides, this widens gap between the rich and poor because the organization’s shareholders continue to enrich themselves at the expense of the struggling consumers (Levy & Walton, 2009). The major league will result to monopolizing all operations that relate to sports, hence extending to commerce. This is especially via advertising whereby corporations and other institutions intending to advertise their products will incur high expenses. Besides, there is a likelihood of top officials and related staffs failing to be accountable. This will translate to poor players’ enumerations and elevated stadium fees to the fans. Parties involved in these leagues will not have a chance to share ideas or transfer of players from one league to another. This deprives them numerous chances meant to stabilize their economies because each league will be operating as an entity due to unhealthy competition among them. Additionally, this will also extend to the fans and players whereby the latter may not be able to exploit their talents as expected thus fail to reach the international levels. If you have never had an experience with collaborative writing, explain whether or not you think you would enjoy this type of collaboration. If you had to produce a project this way, determine what you would do to ensure success. I will enjoy this mode of writing due to

Modern management techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Modern management techniques - Essay Example Construction as a process consists of a wide range of activities including building and infrastructure assembling. Examples of activities in the construction industry include residential construction, bridge erection, roadway paving, large-scale painting jobs, and demolitions. Management of the construction industry comprises of project manager, the project manager ensures that there is smooth operation in the industry. Construction manager and design engineer, who assumes the role of a supervisor, assist the manager. Construction, however, is a hazardous involvement and construction workers are, thus, exposed to hazards while delivering their services. These hazards include unguarded machinery, electrocutions, falling from rooftops, and sustaining injuries from construction equipments. Employers and workers need to work towards reducing these hazards. In order to achieve this, the identification, reduction, and hazard elimination are essential. Management, therefore, should work tow ards reducing these hazards, and failure to accomplish will lead to failure to accomplish organizational goals and objectives as described by Emre (2007, p.200). Effective and successful execution of activities industry achieved by putting in place effective planning, budgeting, scheduling, and ensuring safety in the construction site. ... Technological changes in the modern society have profoundly affected construction industry with its structure and the undertaking of its daily operations. Management of the industry should ensure that it adapts to modern managerial techniques and procedures in execution, planning, and design processes. Construction process in the modern industrialized world has led to translating of constructions designs into practice; while adapting to the modern trends in its design. Integration of advanced specialists has been successful in the modern world, especially in the construction industry (Deakin, 2002, p.120). Presently, the construction specialists like engineers, construction managers, designers and developers, who initially used to be in separate companies, have now been united in one company. This has seen construction process accomplish its duties in the most effective way, since all the specialists involved from start to the end of the project. Planning and execution have been easi ng, and performance specification achieved. Construction industries have played a significant role in contribution of the country’s economic growth. The industry is significant in offering of employment opportunities to the majority of the population, specialists and other workers have been able to earn a living, thus, leading a successful life just for working in these industries. Construction has also had significant contribution into Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Being one of the significant indicators of economic growth of a country, GDP has increased because of contributions of the construction industry. GDP is a tool used

Sage 50 Construction Accounting 2014 Research Paper

Sage 50 Construction Accounting 2014 - Research Paper Example The software also allows a company to come up with custom reports, draft budgets for various departments and branches, and integrate different organizations for financial reports among other functions (Franks pg95). Sage 2014 software contains various customization tools to enable a construction company smoothly run its activities. Some of the tools used are progress billing, robust job costing and industry specific reports. These tools are designed and premeditated in such a way that intensifies accuracy, save time and assist in understanding business profitability. Other tools and services provided by Sage are pro accounting that provides efficiency to your company, facilitate quick expansion, customize inventory, manage client contracts, trail jobs and facilitate shipping and vendor management. Premium accounting tool enables a constructing company manage its budgets, strategic planning and filter financial records. Last but not least is a quantum accounting tool which manages large amounts of data, and a wide range of customer access requirements. As the business world expands, it is now vital to integrate technology in business by use of electronic commerce packages. Sage 2014 construction accounting software integrates technology in business, by allowing online payment, by use of credit and debit cards. Online payment has opened up global buying and selling of the software thus increasing sales in the construction industry (Morris and Richard pg210). Use of electronic commerce saves on time and costs incurred in preparing documents. This software also enables twenty four seven services to customers and suppliers. The software also facilitates communication between the suppliers, clients and the construction industry. Complaints brought forward are dealt with within a short time. This leads to improved services as

Women in Politics Essay Example for Free

Women in Politics Essay It has been proven over and over many times that women have the abilities to do the same jobs as men, but as a society we tend to discourage women when they are trying to get in the fields of politics and government. No longer is the excuse that family is what is pulling women back when it comes to job opportunities, it is what society has chosen as what roles women should and shouldn’t take part in. The more we encourage women in running for offices, the more there will be women in office, and therefore we would have a broader view of issues that need to be solved. If the United States marches proudly on how its state’s people are equal and the government diversified why is that women only hold less than 20% of congressional seats, when the women population is approximately 161 million while the male population is 156.1 million? Surprisingly enough, the percentage of voters that were women in the U.S was 63.7% comparing that to men, which were 59.7%. Why are not more women being supportive of their fellow women? The benefits of having more women in office not only show how far we have come as a country but it has been proven that women who run for office have more bills passed that deal with issues like the environment, families, civil rights, and violence prevention. â€Å"Other studies have found that women legislators—both Republican and  Democrat—introduce a lot more bills than men in the areas of civil rights and liberties, education, health, labor and more.  Globally, research has shown that ethnically diverse and divided nations that elect women rather than men to key national leadership offices end up with better economic performance† (Hill). Women can bring issues of importance that men feel are not as important. This does not mean that men are inferior or ignorant of the issues; it is just the matter of different  perspectives. With more women in office, more issues can be brought to light. This introduces the people with more options to vote for and bills to pass that will help families and the economy. If all the science calculates the benefits of women in government, the only thing that hasn’t been put into consideration is society’s view on a women role. Since the dawn of ages, we have lived in a patriarchal family where men are in charge of the business and bringing food to the table, while women care and nurture for the children and her husband. â€Å"In patriarchally organized societies, masculine values become the ideological structure of the society as a whole. Masculinity thus becomes â€Å"innately† valuable and femininity serves a contrapuntal function to delineate and magnify the hierarchical dominance of masculinity† (Devor 393). When the people see a man and women running for the same position, they look to the man as having more â€Å"power† and â€Å"authority† which can then lead them to believe they can handle and control situations better. As a society we believe that the women should be submissive, and men to be dominate. When women in the workplace are more demanding they are perceived as â€Å"bossy† and having a rude manner, but when men act the same way, we let them be because we are so used to the idea of them being more assertive. These are the biases and stereotypes we as a society need to change in order to see that anyone can do the same job. A politicians gender shouldn’t effect their work habits. In media women are perceived as â€Å"emotional† and that their intentions are only focused in family issues, when in reality that is not the case. In order for society to give women opportunities in our government, we the people need to reevaluate our own thinking and perceptions. We as a society need to encourage our women to run for offices in government. According to the WCF foundation, number one reason why there are so few women in power is because on average women candidates tend to raise less money for fundraising comparing to their male counterparts. Also, on the off-chance that media isn’t reporting about the private life of a women running in office, women tend to get less media coverage, especially on the issues they are concerned with. â€Å"†¦media reports on womens issues—like abortion and birth control—men are quoted some five  times more than women are. And that affects the coverage of women in politics† (Dawn). If we can just get more media coverage on how women can contribute to politics on issues not just family issues, we can illuminate a way for people to see broader issues that need to be tended. In order for our country and people to work together we must take inconsideration of diversity in the government. The way we think and our patriarchal system needs to be reformed. As Jennifer Lawless said, â€Å"Its important that we separate out political conditions from the sex of the candidate because otherwise were just perpetuating this myth that women cant get elected. If we are continuously focusing on gender and the person who is in charge and not their ideals or what issues they are trying to combat, then we lose focus of a ‘government’. Strong- female politicians can also set an example to younger generations in the future, and create a more efficient government. Works Cited Dawn, Aurora. Percentage of Women in Government Worldwide. The Gender Gap. Daily Kos, 27 Sept. 2012. Web. 13 Feb. 2015. Devor, Aaron H. â€Å"Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender.† Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ninth ed. Boston: Bedford/St.Martins, 1992. 387-396. Print. Giang, Vivian. What Men And Women Really Think About Gender Equality In The Workplace. Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 21 Aug. 2013. Web. 16 Nov. 2014. Hill, Steven. Why Does the US Still Have So Few Women in Office? Why Does the US Still Have So Few Women in Office? The Nation, 7 Mar. 2014. Web. 11 Feb. 2015. Kimmel, Michael. â€Å"Bros before Hos: The Guy Code.† Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ninth ed. Boston: Bedford/St.Martins, 1992. 461-470. Print. Waber, Ben. What Data Analytics Says About Gender Inequality in the Workplace. Bloomberg Business Week. Bloomberg, 30 Jan. 2014. Web. 16 Nov. 2014. Women by the Numbers. Infoplease. Infoplease, n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

Theory of the 1970s and minimalism Essay Example for Free

Theory of the 1970s and minimalism Essay The Extended and the minimalism in the generative tradition are notions used in linguistics which explains different aspects of the language. The Extended Standard Theory was formulated in the late 1960s to early 1970s and specifically in 1965 to 1973 (Chomsky, 1965) while the minimalism started way back in the 1950s. They have both been used over time by learners in different times for criticism and for learning and understanding linguistics. The Extended Standard Theory has two features namely the syntactic constraints and the generalized phrase features also known as the X-bar theory. The X-bar theory is a linguistics theory component which attempts to identify syntactic features common to all languages. It explains that all languages have some certain shared structural similarities, including the ‘X-bar’ which does not appear in traditional phrase. On contrary, Chomsky (1995) discussed how minimalist approaches to phrase structure have resulted in ‘Bare Phrase Structure’ which attempts to eliminate X-bar Theory. Therefore in as much as the Extended Standard Theory uses the X-bar theory to explain syntactic features common to all languages, the minimalism in the generative tradition explains that all languages have some certain shared structural similarities. Minimalism program is a much transformational grammar inspired by Chomsky. The program aims at the further development of ideas involving economy of derivation and economy of representation which had become important earlier. Economy of derivation in this aspect is a principle stating movements and occurs in order to match interpretable features with uninterruptable features such as inflection. Inflection is also referred to as inflexion and helps modify word forms to handle grammatical relations and relational categories such as tense, gender, case or mood. The principle of economy of representation is that structures must exist for a purpose and should satisfy constraints. Another aspect of minimalism thought is the idea that, the derivation of synaptic structures should be uniform in that rules should not be stipulated as applying at arbitrary points in a derivation, but instead applies throughout derivations. Minimalism in the generative tradition also tries to give a distinction of deep structure of a linguistic expression with a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures. The Extended Standard Theory on the other hand does not describe any of the two derivations but works with syntactic constraints and the generalized phrase features. The usage of the term ‘transformation’ in linguistics refers to a rule that takes an input typically called the Deep Structure (in the Standard Theory) or D-structure (in the Extended Standard Theory or government and binding theory) and changes it in some restricted way to result in a Surface Structure (or S-structure). An example of a transformation in TG is the operation of subject-auxiliary inversion. Subject- auxiliary in English occurs when an auxiliary verb precedes a subject. By the time of the Extended Standard Theory in the 1970s, due to the work of Joseph Emonds on structure preservation, transformations came to be viewed as holding over the trees. By the late 1980s at the end of the government and binding theory, transformation were viewed not as mere structure changing operations but as ways to add information to already existing trees by coping constituents. Earlier there was a conception that transformations were construction- specific devices but this was made clearer s discussed above. The minimalist program on the other hand was a radical revision of the theory. The Extended structural Theory emphasizes on the importance of modern formal mathematical devices in the development of grammatical theory. The minimalism in the generative tradition on the other hand does not emphasize on the importance of formal mathematical devices. The generative tradition is a technical as it is well understood that linguistic processes are in some sense creative for expressing a system of recursive processes. The focus is has been made on the deep and surface structures. The deep structure seeks to unify several related structures while the surface structure is derived from the deep structure by transformational rules. In the Extended Standard Theory, more technically sophisticated proposals about the structure of language have been made. This theory argues that all languages are presumed to follow the same set of rules which may vary depending on the values of certain universal linguistic parameters. In a 1983 article, Newmeyer discussed how, this assumption is very strong and brings the big difference between the two theories of language. Minimalism has the idea that the derivation of syntactic structures should be uniform. This means that rules should not be stipulated as applying at arbitrary points in a derivation, but instead applies throughout derivations. Minimalism ideas and approaches to phrase structure have resulted in an attempt to eliminate x-bar theory. In conclusion, both notions; The Extended Standard Theory and the minimalism generative tradition may be somewhat vague and indeed the precise formulation of these principles is controversial. The practicability of these notions should be further evaluated regarding their success. None of the two should be undermined since both have some importance and are of help in understanding linguistics. References Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge: MIT Press. Chomsky, N. (1995). The Minimalist Program. Cambridge: MIT Press. Hawkins, J. A. (1983). Word Order Universals. New York: Academic Press. Jackendoff, R. (1974). Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge: MIT Press. Newmeyer, F. J. (1983). Grammatical Theory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Glaucoma Image Processing Technique

Glaucoma Image Processing Technique Team 19 Members 40102434 Andrew Collins 40134357 Connor Cox 40056301 William Craig 40133157 Aaron Devine We have been tasked to develop a system that through image processing techniques would be able to detect glaucoma. This required us to enhance our knowledge in how to apply pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and post-processing on a set of given images to be able to produce a classification. Glaucoma is an eye condition where the optic nerve, which is the connector from your brain to your eye becomes damaged.   This can lead to a complete loss of vision if it is not detected and treated early on.   This is caused by when fluid in the eye cannot be drained effectively which builds pressure and then applies excessive pressure on the optic nerve. Detecting glaucoma normally is a very time consuming and expensive process because it requires a trained professional to carry out the research.   The advantages of automating this process is that it frees up that professionals time to carry out other duties. The system is going to be tested methodologically during the creation of the assignment, to help us decide what would be the best parameters to use to help increase the detection rate of glaucoma. System The way we tackled this assignment is we made a system that takes image sets and converts them into data sets which trains and tests them through our classification process.   The system assigns the data set to either being healthy or having glaucoma detected.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Training goes through the following stages in this order: Pre-processing. Segmentation Post-Processing. Feature Extraction Classification. Methodology For us to decide what would be the best choice of techniques for each stage of the system we are going to be using the a set methodology to standardize our selection process.   The aim is to maximise the system to try and get it to yield the maximum correctness it can achieve at each stage so when it reaches the classification stage it would provide the most accurate result. The best way we are going to measure the correctness of the system is running a testing/training cycle for each parameter being changed and put into a table and comparing them to select the best result. Brightness Enhancement In our system, I have implemented Automated Brightness Enhancement (ABE). ABE is used to normalise an image so the images mean gray value is equal to 127 or (255/2). The image below illustrates what the results look like. As you can see in the table above, the accuracy or our system significantly decreases when ABE is enabled. Therefore, for the good of the systems accuracy, we will disable ABE in the system. As for why ABE damages the accuracy, it likely destroys some data within the images that have a more dynamic range than the one shown above. This would result in some gray levels being 0 or 255. Accuracy significantly falls here. The reason for this is that ABE is causing the classifier to return positive for glaucoma for more images than it should, in turn, improving accuracy due to class ratio imbalance. Contrast Enhancement Our system implements three types of contrast enhancement, histogram equalisation, Automated Linear Stretch (ALS) and the Power Law. These three topics are covered extensively in the lecture slides, so in the interest of keeping the report concise, I wont discuss them in depth here. Ultimately, only one of these techniques will be picked. Automated Linear Stretch Histogram Equalisation Power Law This example shows an error. The system doesnt contain an automated way to find the value for (gamma) in each image. So well test every value of gamma from 0.0-2.0 in increments of 0.1 to see if any of our results provide a higher accuracy than when it isnt enabled at all. 0.6, highlighted in green, shows that the accuracy is 88%,the image below shows power law being applied when there is an error. In the image above, the original image is the one on the left, and the processed image is on the right, and their corresponding histograms are underneath each, respectively. It would appear that the power law has actually made the dynamic range of our image worse. Examining the segmented binary image below could explain why the accuracy has risen to 88%. From this image, we can see that reducing contrast at the higher end, which seems to be what the error is doing, is allowing the segmenter, which is set at its default of edge extraction with a = 1 and no post processing, to detect the veins and optic nerve ring within the eye within the image with a higher level of success. But why is this the case? it is due to the images background becoming more uniformed because of the reduction in contrast in the white end while not altering the veins much at all as they are darker/greyer. The reason values of y Summary From my tests, I have come to the conclusion that the best technique of the three is the Power Law. It was the only technique that improved our systems accuracy. My tests also suggest that high levels of accuracy are dependent on the successful extraction of data about the veins, which, as I discussed above, the Power Law is highly effective at. This theory makes even more sense when you consider that the other two methods, which significantly increased the dynamic range, did very poorly in comparison. Our system will benefit from using the Power Law, so from this point on it will be enabled. Noise Reduction Our system incorporates two kinds of noise reduction, those two being, Low Pass Filter and Median Filter. From examining our images, one would conclude that salt pepper and CCD noise is not present. To demonstrate this however, well need to see if the system gains accuracy when each technique is enabled. Low Pass Filter (LPF) As we can see in the table above, accuracy has significantly decreased. To illustrate this, here is what the original and processed histograms look like when the contrast enhancement is applied without the low pass filter. From the histograms, it would appear that low pass filter is actually removing some of the contrast enhancement. Low contrast seems to be mistaken for actual background noise, and when that happens, more distinct light and dark patches are created which in turn increases the dynamic range. Median Filter Similar to the low pass filter, the median filter is also removing some of the improvements made by contrast enhancement. Although it does appear that median pass filter is doing this to a lesser degree, as the accuracy is slightly higher here. Summary From our tests, we can conclude that both low pass filter and median pass filter only damage the accuracy of our system. LPF more so than MPF. It appears that the two actually undo some of the work done in contrast enhancement. As well as that, there isnt actually enough noise in the image used here to warrant the use of a noise reduction filter at all. After performing these tests, I decided to test my hypothesis, I tried applying the noise reduction filters before contrast enhancement to examine the results. The results were actually identical to the results from the earlier test. So what could that mean? Well, it would seem that noise reduction is actually removing some information/data from the images, which then limits the effectiveness of the segmenter. From this point on, noise reduction filters will not be used. Segmentation This is used to separate the image into a foreground and a background with key areas in the foreground being turned white and the rest black.   Our segmentation process involved using edge extraction and then automatic thresholding.   The first thing we do is apply the Sobel mask to the pre-processed image Its very important to use edge extraction because it helps show the boundaries of the eye and make the veins much more defined.   Right after that we apply automatic thresholding on the gradient magnitude image to get a binary segmented image. The class that we use to test which value to use is called SegmenterTest which will test the value of n within a range of -2.0 to 2.0 and increases the increments by 0.1 to see if the improved value increases the compared to a default value of n = 1.   From this we got the following values: The default system where the value of n=1 it produces a good accuracy of 88% so this is the value that we pass into our segmenter. This will allow more generic segmentation than what is possible with setting a manual threshold.   The thresholds that are going to be   in use are derived from the mean brightness of the pixels in the image raster and then adjusted by a standard deviation providing the best optional threshold for each image. To check if Sobels Mask is the best for using to do edge extraction we will now compare the results from using Prewitt mask edge extraction. What we found that using the prewitt mask edge extraction as part of our segmentation process is that it is more effective using the default value on the Sobel Mask n = 1.   The best accuracy that we got using the prewitt mask happens when we have n = 1 just like when we were using the sobel mask.   This allows us to reduce that the sobel mask is the best option for us to use the edge extraction during the segmentation process. Post-processing Through this image processing technique, the image is enhanced and is filtered by a mask. The process uses erosion and dilation to remove isolated noise pixels, fills holes and smooth boundaries. Using brightness based segmentation, post processing is used to clean up the thresholded binary image. However, this can make objects appear smaller or larger than the original size. We added the post processing techniques of closing and opening for our methods of erosion and dilation.   To test which value that we are going to use we tried a variety of combinations and got the following results. From what we gathered is that the best accuracy drops heavily when using any of the other post processing techniques were used. The image above has closing only enabled which produced the best accuracy from the post processing techniques however as you can tell by the image below which has post processing disabled it has much more detail.   It is for this reason we will have post processing disabled because we are then able to receive better accuracy from the images.   Post-processing did not have a positive result in the classification accuracy.   It does make it visually easier to see how the application was processing the images. Feature Extraction The purpose of feature extraction is to gather useful features and details out of segmented images by extracting the feature vectors using a technique called moments. Implementing the use of moments correctly is the foundation for the essential calculations performed during the analysis of an object. In our feature extraction class within our program we have decided that the following features of an object will be taken into consideration- Compactness, Perimeter, Position of Centroid and finally the Area of the object. Before we perform the calculations for these features of said Object we first had to implement the moments formula in Java. Once we have created the moment method in our class we will then be able to use this to calculate the feature vectors needed. Compactness The reason we want to get the area and the perimeter is so that we can use the values to calculate what is needed, that being Compactness, as it is a more uself shape description for our vision system to use.. Compactness can be calculated by squaring the perimeter and then dividing it by the area. private double compactness(BufferedImage image)   {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   return Math.pow(getPerimeter(image), 2) / getArea(image);   } Above I have included the method that is called to calculate the compactness of the object, as you can see the calculation that was mentioned above is performed within this method. Perimeter We can get the object in questions perimeter is first calculated by first eroding the object and then we perform a calculation to receive the new objects area after erosion, after this we go onto calculating the difference between the new objects area and the initial objects area like so Perimeter = Original Area Eroded Area After this calculation is performed we are left with the perimeter of our object. private double getPerimeter(BufferedImage image)   { return getArea(image) -  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   getArea(PostProcessor.erode(image));   } I have placed the method used to get the perimeter of the object above, as you can see the method is performing the calculation required for the perimeter, Original Area Eroded Area resulting in our perimeter. Centroid Position We can get the X Y coordinates of the centroid in the object by performing the calculation of M01 M10 private double [] position(BufferedImage image)   {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   //calculate Centroid at M01   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   double i = Math.round((moment(image, 0, 1))/ moment(image, 0, 0));   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   //calculate Centroid at M10   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   double j = Math.round((moment(image, 1, 0))/ moment(image, 0, 0));   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   double [] Cij = {i, j};   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   return Cij;   } Above is the method we have developed to find the position of the centroid for our Object. As you can see in the code above this method is using the moment method to perform the calculations needed to find the centroid position of the object.   Area We must also find the area vector, to do this we must calculate M00, this can be performed using the moment method which was developed earlier. private double getArea(BufferedImage image)   {   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   return Math.round(moment(image, 0, 0));   } Above is a screenshot of the getArea method, this method calls upon the moment method and Math.round function to find the Area of our object. Classification Within our system which we have developed, we included the Nearest Neighbour function that is used to identify and recognise the training images we have supplied our system with. When we implement this feature in our system we get a variation of results depending on the value we set K to, we have included the results outputted by this function below for analysis Nearest Neighbour Function:  ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   K = 1: o  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Accuracy: 62.50%  ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   K = 3: o  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Accuracy: 87.50%  ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   K =5: o  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Accuracy: 56.25% As you can see in the above results from testing this function, the Nearest Neighbour Function provides us with the highest accuracy rate when using the value 3 for the K variable. This is due to the fact it can recognise the training images features. A disadvantage to this approach is that when changing the value of the K variable then this can alter the accuracy of the output as we can see when changing the value of K from 1 to 3, the accuracy increases greatly but once we change the value from 3 to 5 then the accuracy suffers and drops 30 points of accuracy. Summary: For this current group of images, the Nearest Neighbour function with the value K set to 3 is the best method used for classifying the object, this is because it returns the highest possible accuracy rate compared with other values of K such as 1 or 5, the accuracy rates for these values can be seen above.

Sigmund Freud :: Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychoanalysis, method of treating mental illness, was Sigmund Freud’s most recognized work. In 1938, Freud was eighty-two years old and was forced to flee to London because he was Jewish. He died the following year with many accomplishments and went through plenty of hardships in his life time. That’s why Sigmund Freud has influenced American politically, socially, and ideology because he changed the country’s perception on how people think, dream, and the things they do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud was born on May 6th, 1856 in Frieberg, Moravia. Which is present day Czech Republic. Sigmund Freud was the son of Jacob and Amalia Freud. Sigmund’s family was Jewish, the population of Frieberg was one hundred and thirty Jews, out of four thousand and five hundred ,and the rest were Catholic. During this time period Jewish people had to move to different countries because they were persecuted or had legal restrictions, banishments or slaughtered. That’s when the Freud’s moved to Tysmenite. This was popular for Jews and it was the center to Jewish learning and scholarships. Sigmund had two half brothers from his fathers first marriage. Then Sigmund Freud’s parents had another son and named after Amalia brother. The baby died the same way her brother did. After that she zoned away and didn’t take care of Sigmund. They hired a maid to take care of things. A couple years later, Jacob and Amalia started to have kids agai n. They had five daughters and another son. Little bit after that Sigmund’s father’s business collapsed and things started to fall downhill for the family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud did outstanding in school, he received his medical degree from University in 1881. Before he became interested in the medical field, he wanted to study natural science and to solve challenging problems concerning scientists. Sigmund Freud was influenced by many people. Right after Sigmund finished school, he changed his career to a psychiatrists. Between 1885 and 1886 he went to work in a clinic in Paris with Jean Charcot. Then later in 1886 opened a private practice in Vienna. He devoted half an hour everyday to self-analysis. His psychiatric expanded when he became a professor at Vienna University. Sigmund’s first book was published in 1895, Studies in Hysteria, the co-author was Josef Breur. The next ten years of Sigmund’s life he was working with Josef Breur. In 1908, was the first international Psychoanalytic Congress developed.

Primal Instinct :: Free Essay Writer

Primal Instinct In the Lord of the Flies William Golding has a group of schoolboys crash on an island and become barbaric. The reason why the boys turn wild is because of their primal instinct to hurt others. This behavior is inherited from early ancestors killing to stay alive. Mans tendency towards violence, how people take sides and divide into groups, and the struggle for power are three ways mans behavior will generally occur. Each of these suggests that violence is a key factor to getting what they want. Mans primal instinct towards violence really shows when they are living without rules or realize that there are no authority figures to enforce any rules. Without having consequences for any actions that might be taken then they primal instinct of the boys begins to take over. Even though the fact of no punishments may be known in the back of ones mind there is still the thought of what’s right. â€Å"Roger stooped, picked up a stone, aimed, and threw it at Henry and back again.† (Page 67) This is an example of how Roger knows it is wrong to hit someone with a rock but also knows that there are no punishments for anything. â€Å"The madness came into his eyes again. â€Å"I thought I might kill.†Ã¢â‚¬  (Page 55) This is showing how he lets his primal side take over his thoughts when he is hunting. He forgets about everything he had ever been told about what’s right because of his primal instinct to kill. He had an urge to hunt, his instincts were teaching him how. Even thought he really did now know how to hunt mans primal instincts helped him learn quickly. How people take sides and form groups shows how majority rules. The majority that rules needs a leader. This leader has to hold the rules but when the children’s primal instincts take over the control is lost but the majority still rules. â€Å"Let him be the chief with the trumpet thing.† (Page 24) This quote shows how all of the children are agreeing on this. Once one mentions it, the rest agree. If there is not anyone brave enough to mention something then no one will because they are all afraid that no one else will agree with them. â€Å"Who thinks Ralph oughtn’t be chief?† – â€Å"he looked expectantly at the boys ranged round, who had frozen.

Free Native Son Essays: Bigger :: Native Son Essays

Native Son: Bigger    In his most famous novel, Native Sun, Richard Wright successfully develops three major themes: Racism, violence as a personal necessity, and social injustice. He has captured the powerful emotions and suffering, the frustrations and yearnings, the restlessness and hysteria, of all the Bigger Thomas's in this grippingly dramatic novel.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wright shows to us, through Bigger Thomas, how bad things were for the black race. He tells how Bigger was raised in a one ªroom apartment, living with his family and rats. The rent was very high, and his mother was barely able to pay it. Bigger's education like most blacks at that time , did not exceed the eighth grade. Without the help of the Relief Agency, Bigger and his family may not have been able to keep up much longer financially. Bigger had no money, except for the spare change his mother gives him, so he would usually just hang out at the pool hall, which was in the black district, or southside.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bigger used to pull little jobs with his friends, but all of them including Bigger wanted to pull off a big job, by robbing Blum's store. They were afraid though, of getting caught for robbing a white man. They know the police don't care about blacks, and would probably accuse them of many more crimes. Luckily for Bigger, though, the Relief Agency did find him a job with the Daltons. When Bigger went to the Daltons house for the first time, he brought his gun, because it made him feel equal to the white people.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Bigger got to the Daltons house, he didn't know whether to enter the house by the front or back door. He looks for a way to the back, and realizes the only way in is through the front door. As he rang the doorbell, he felt very disturbed. And when he started talking to Mr. Dalton, Mr. Dalton asks Bigger about his past crimes, which made Bigger feel pressured. Then Mary Dalton walked in and asked Bigger if he was in a union, if he knew about communism, and then still more questions, until her father finally asked her to leave the room. Bigger was afraid that this little brat was going to get him to lose his job. Then he met Peggy, a maid, Who asks Bigger all these questions, like he could understand what Free Native Son Essays: Bigger :: Native Son Essays Native Son: Bigger    In his most famous novel, Native Sun, Richard Wright successfully develops three major themes: Racism, violence as a personal necessity, and social injustice. He has captured the powerful emotions and suffering, the frustrations and yearnings, the restlessness and hysteria, of all the Bigger Thomas's in this grippingly dramatic novel.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wright shows to us, through Bigger Thomas, how bad things were for the black race. He tells how Bigger was raised in a one ªroom apartment, living with his family and rats. The rent was very high, and his mother was barely able to pay it. Bigger's education like most blacks at that time , did not exceed the eighth grade. Without the help of the Relief Agency, Bigger and his family may not have been able to keep up much longer financially. Bigger had no money, except for the spare change his mother gives him, so he would usually just hang out at the pool hall, which was in the black district, or southside.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bigger used to pull little jobs with his friends, but all of them including Bigger wanted to pull off a big job, by robbing Blum's store. They were afraid though, of getting caught for robbing a white man. They know the police don't care about blacks, and would probably accuse them of many more crimes. Luckily for Bigger, though, the Relief Agency did find him a job with the Daltons. When Bigger went to the Daltons house for the first time, he brought his gun, because it made him feel equal to the white people.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Bigger got to the Daltons house, he didn't know whether to enter the house by the front or back door. He looks for a way to the back, and realizes the only way in is through the front door. As he rang the doorbell, he felt very disturbed. And when he started talking to Mr. Dalton, Mr. Dalton asks Bigger about his past crimes, which made Bigger feel pressured. Then Mary Dalton walked in and asked Bigger if he was in a union, if he knew about communism, and then still more questions, until her father finally asked her to leave the room. Bigger was afraid that this little brat was going to get him to lose his job. Then he met Peggy, a maid, Who asks Bigger all these questions, like he could understand what

Suzanne Drolet – Marketing Perceptions

Introduction: Suzanne Drolet is the manager of a McDonald’s restaurant in a city with a lot of senior citizens. These senior citizens have become regular customers at the restaurant. They come in for the senior citizen breakfast special and stay till late afternoon, with coffee refills being free. So, even though they stay there from breakfast to lunch, they only order the breakfast special and get refills of coffee. Suzanne likes them, they are all very friendly and clean customers. The restaurant isn’t facing any crowding issues either as there is more than enough room for them and the other customers.However, Suzanne is worried about the future of the restaurant. Problems: In my opinion, Suzanne is right to be worried about the future of the restaurant. First and foremost, her fears that the restaurant might be labelled as an ‘old people’s’ restaurant by the younger generation is correct. If they younger generation starts to percieve the restauran t as a place for old people, they will stop dining at it and look for substitutes. Secondly, although the senior citizens are nice and friendly to the customers that come and go, the ambiance of the place is severly misleading for the younger generation.If the place has an old person home feel to it, then less and less people will go there. Simply because the restaurant itself is positioning itself as a place for older people to hang out. Thirdly, the restaurant will lose a great amount of its sales in the future if the seniors keep doing what they are currently doing. This is simply because they don’t order food the same way ordinary customers do. They come in for the breakfast special and get free refills of coffee. Furthermore, if the group of seniors that come in keeps growing in number, it might lead to a crowding issue.The restaurant might sooner or later run out of space to accommodate everyone. People might start to avoid the restaurant because of that. In addition, t he employee and customer relationship might become stronger and stronger as more time passes by which would make taking a drastic decision harder in the future. Even if Suzanne does make a tough choice, she will become unpopular with the rest of her staff. This can result in the drop of the worker's morale. Solutions: Suzanne can manipulate the promotions to dictate when the seniors come in to the restaurant.She can change the breakfast special from everyday to weekdays only. This would reduce the number of seniors that come in on the weekends which is when the majority of the younger generation goes out. Whereas on the weekend she can put up special discounts for students to bring them in to the restaurant. She can also remove the free coffee refills or limit them somehow to reduce the time the seniors spend in the restaurant. Suzanne can also hold special events for the younger generation to attract them to the restaurant.She could turn up the ambiance of the place by holding kara oke nights or open mic nights. This would attract customers and change the feel of the place. If these simple steps do not help, then Suzanne will have to take drastic steps to save her restaurant. She may have to completely get rid of the senior specials such as the breakfast special and put a restriction on how long people can sit at the restaurant without ordering food. These would make the restaurant and the employees very unpopular with the senior citizens of the area. Suzanne Drolet – Marketing Perceptions Introduction:Suzanne Drolet is the manager of a McDonald’s restaurant in a city with a lot of senior citizens. These senior citizens have become regular customers at the restaurant. They come in for the senior citizen breakfast special and stay till late afternoon, with coffee refills being free. So, even though they stay there from breakfast to lunch, they only order the breakfast special and get refills of coffee. Suzanne likes them, they are all very friendly and clean customers. The restaurant isn’t facing any crowding issues either as there is more than enough room for them and the other customers. However, Suzanne is worried about the future of the restaurant.Problems:In my opinion, Suzanne is right to be worried about the future of the restaurant. First and foremost, her fears that the restaurant might be labelled as an ‘old people’s’ restaurant by the younger generation is correct. If they younger generation starts to percieve the restaurant as a place for old people, they will stop dining at it and look for substitutes. Secondly, although the senior citizens are nice and friendly to the customers that come and go, the ambiance of the place is severly misleading for the younger generation. If the place has an old person home feel to it, then less and less people will go there.Simply because the restaurant itself is positioning itself as a place for older people to hang out. Thirdly, the restaurant will lose a great amount of its sales in the future if the seniors keep doing what they are currently doing. This is simply because they don’t order food the same way ordinary customers do. They come in for the breakfast special and get free refills of coffee. Furthermore, if the group of seniors that come in keeps growing in number, it might lead to a crowding issue. The restaurant might sooner or later run out of space to accommodate everyone. People might start to avoid the restaurant because of that.In addition, the employee and customer relationship might become stronger and stronger as more time passes by which would make taking a drastic decision harder in the future. Even if Suzanne does make a tough choice, she will become unpopular with the rest of her staff. This can result in the drop of the worker's morale.Solutions:Suzanne can manipulate the promotions to dictate when the seniors come in to the restaurant. She can change the breakfast special from everyday to weekdays only. This would reduce the number of seniors that come in on the weekends which is when the majority of the younger generation goes out. Whereas on the weekend she can put up special discounts for students to bring them in to the restaurant. She can also remove the free coffee refills or limit them somehow to reduce the time the seniors spend in the restaurant. Suzanne can also hold special events for the younger generation to attract them to the restaurant.She could turn up the ambiance of the place by holding karaoke nights or open mic nights. This would attract customers and change the feel of the place. If these simple steps do not help, then Suzanne will have to take drastic steps to save her restaurant. She may have to completely get rid of the senior specials such as the breakfast special and put a restriction on how long people can sit at the restaurant without ordering food. These would make the restaurant and the employees very unpopular with the senior citizens of the area.

Essay on the Book Theif

Deserves a place on the same shelf with The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne pawl Poised to become a classic. - ground forces Today on The Book bandit. I think coterminous years launching freshmen should look at The Book Thief by Markus Zusak because of the unique way the parole of account was written, covering the king of row. Within this essay I will draw up about the symbolisation in the reserve. I will write about the bank clerk. I will analogouswise write about my personal image with one of the examples. The symbolization within the curb gives a unique perspective. The keep back uses symbolism when the teller says That last time. That red thrash found on page 19 in The Book Thief. The narrator explains that the slash was red. He explains the emotion or intuitive feeling that was going on through color. Zusak shows the power of words throughout the book, especially when the character Max writes The vocalise Shaker. cobblers last was the narrator of The Book Thief which made the book much more intriguing to me as a reader. If the book were to be narrated by whateverone else it wouldnt have been able to flow as well. It would have not been able to articulate what exactly happened to Max, or Liesel, or any other character. How when Death realizes Rudy dies he says the male child from the plane, I thought.The one with the teddy bear. Where was his teething ring? Where was someone to alleviate this robbery of his brio? Who was there to sooth him as lifes rug was snatched from infra his sleeping feet? No one. There was moreover me. found on page 531 in The Book Thief. I think it is truly touching to read that even Death is sad about Rudys death. Also if the book wasnt narrated the way it was then it wouldnt had been as memorable. Maxs book, The Word Shaker had a powerful achievement on me as I read the book. The way Max says that Liesels words be stronger than Hitlers. Max says that Liesels words are like a tree diagram.The tree grows strong and gangling until one day she gets off of the tree and lets the people chop it bulge. When it is chopped down the words kill all the self-aggrandising trees and makes people realize how strong words can be. I think that next years incoming freshmen should read The Book Thief because of the unique way the book was written, video display the power of words. The symbolism within the book gives a unique perspective. Death was the narrator of The Book Thief which made the book much more intriguing to me as a reader. Maxs book, The Word Shaker had a powerful effect on me as I read the book.

Nike Supply Chain Essay

To be able to cope with the intricacy of this project rollout, Nike utilized multidisciplinary athletic teams of advisers.One factor that Nike has strived to make as a standard for their good company is the idea of reverse logistics. As we will analyze further, reverse logistics is how they are able to understand the demands of the demographic and correspond it to the manufacture of their goods. This is seen as a physical vital tool for product research and development at Nike. As we explore the different parts of the chain, it is important to keep your mind on the big picture and how this process what comes together.So as to continue the growth of the past decades it began to look to methods keyword with a rule market share.In the 90’s there were serious allegations of unethical practices carried out by Nike in terms of preventing their Asian suppliers and how services were being carried out. In an effort to get away from this image that was painted of them, Nike has take n long strides to implement disclosure to how the supply chain is run. Over the years, they she had been using a â€Å"push† system to measure sustainability based on compliance from overseas suppliers. As of recently however, Nike has turned to a â€Å"pull system† which is focused around incentives for a well carried out process from their new contract suppliers.

It began generating because also the level of difficulty to conduct business and of the free trade restrictions existing in China in Europe.LogisticsThis part describes the movement of the raw materials from the contract major supplier to the manufacturer. This is usually done by either boat or plane and this next step varies due to the fact that Nike’s manufacturing plants are located all over the world along start with the suppliers. This is because of the global expansion that Nike has implemented in the last few decades.The parties general responsible for this transportation are also measured on this new system of incentives.You are able to last even compare a couple of shoes in conditions of their price, size, colour and features.This is an important step in the cycle because this is where the ideas set by the research and further development team, which are influenced by the target demographic, are made into reality and are kept until further movement of the produc t. Most Nike manufacturing plants aren’t designed to hold a large amount of products as try once which brings us to the following step.Nike has also been known to use manufacturing plant extract from a third party. Because of the fact that Nike is still responsible for these processes carried out by these manufacturers, they keep a close watch on the quality of the products produced.

Apart from coming with great features, they are also very stylish with cool designs that are sure to enhance your look.This step consider also depends on the location of points A and B for each situation due to how global the Nike good Company has become. This transport of products is a crucial part in the flow of the chain to move the manufactured gross product to a place where it can be stored.Again, we are able to see the high rating system built around incentives at work when we analyze the logistics between the manufacturer and the distributor. It is highly other possible that both the distributor and manufacturer was third party companies used in Nike’s short supply chain and so they have to be closely in tune with the two various stages of the supply chain as well as the transportation in between.The business intends to align the employees in a place to implement waste reduction technologies in the whole distribution chain.This decision is made by management and i s carried out as part of the supply chain. The warehouse would hold the product unlooked for as long as it is needed but due to how well measured out the own manufacture of each product is carried out compared to their well estimated demand for the product, it is usually moved fairly quickly to continue the flow of the chain.Distribution is important because the final product needs to be stored before is sent to vendors. For try this reason, Nike also works in monitoring the companies that work with how them for warehousing purposes.

Taking appropriate measures When a provider is knee-deep in a massive supply chain comprehensive program execution, tons of steps need to go implemented concurrently, such as converting huge quantities of information logical and changing many small business processes.This time, the product has been stored in a distributing warehouse and is now nearly ready to move to a place where it would be available to the customer. Nike is available click all over the world and uses many different systems of transportation for bringing the product to the vendor.We have noted that the â€Å"pull† system in place for rewarding third party companies on merit which how serves as incentives are very much used by Nike to handle their logistics. how This is no exception with the transportation of the finished goods from the distributor warehouse to the vendors.Additionally, it generates a first great deal of revenue.Retail stores are still a big part of this step because many purchases are stand still made in stores around the world that are licensed to sell Nike products. Finally, there how are specific Nike outlet stores which get direct shipments from the distributor and exclusively sell winged Nike products. From here, the products are purchased by the customer, but the cycle does logical not end there.8.

It had.Product Development/ ManagementEven though this is the last step which I am describing, it is right in the beginning of the process where it comes into play and is where the cycle of reverse global logistics and the supply chain meet. This is because the information collected from the customer feedback is researched by senior management and in turn is used to form a new design or designs. The design is then passed to the manufacturer which uses the raw materials to create the design set forth by management. This way, the cycle is continuous and efficient.Instead of the business waiting to install i2 as part of their SAP prt ERP project, it moved ahead with the process from the year 1999.By utilizing a single thread to basically make the most entire shoe. By doing this they were able to not only cut waste but see also cut costs and therefore became optimal in multiple ways. Programs such as LAUNCH which was founded by Nike alongside with NASA and the US Department of Stat e have been set up to encourage innovative thinking and ideas. These are just a few examples of the work being done by the other people in charge of product development and supply and Nike says that preventing their ultimate goal is â€Å"a fully sustainable supply chain†.

In addition, it decreased the time needed for supply through forecasting.Sustainable Business first Performance Summary. Available at http://www.nikeresponsibility.com/report/files/report/NIKE_SUSTAINABLE_BUSINESS_REPORT__ FY10-11_FINAL.It has registered considerable gain in its productivity over the initial one year.2013. good Governance and Sustainability at Nike. Harvard Business School Teaching Case.Porteous, A.

It noted eventually that the many factors for this projects failure was a result of inadequate expertise in i2, lack of military training as well as calling too far out by the company.L., Rammohan, S., V. 2012..edu/scforum/sisscrSchifrin, D., Carroll, G., Brady, D. 2013.

The Splendiferous Sunset

The put one over slices by the brainy sun, a larger subdivision dissimulation in reflection in the urine supply as its overhasty immingle of rays in orangish, pink, blue, exit and empurpled thrust the clouds painfully. The solelyton like yellow, calefactive flames that had been thawing and brightening the day judgment of conviction soft extinguish, converting to secret still chromatic flames.The never ending, du chuck come to the fore maritime recently becomes several(prenominal) shades unforgivinger, mirroring the slight sky eyepatch overlap the eccentric peach tree of its illusion smoothly. The injection is exclusively dazzling. work of the rainbow given(p) off by the umbrellas, hats and liquid costumes, battled loonyly against the colour of, the specious back a layer of trivial gnaw at rocks blanketing the buck from the ocean. completely(prenominal) the colour were attenuation swiftly like water gushing(a) come in of a jug. Th e dark colorise cliffs bang-up the splendid sky, with its precipitate heads, adding to my view of the mellisonant gibe, hanging uninterestingly in the sides of the spine.The erst spell clanging beach, where childrens ill-treat of joke was heard, is all of a sudden easily existenceness replaced by the uniform aphonia of the end up and the splashing, spluttering and swishing of the waves. Footprints stamped into the re great(p) sand, existence washed outside by the wild waves operate by the clue erasing all evidences of life history having been there. conflicting leave figures, against the immobilise work of the background, were shown as black-market knockout to observe. ease hung, a intense knife, operose allthing that disturbs it. crisply rocks hurl my feet as I paseo by means of the sand easily, but similarly funnily console at the resembling time the jumble on my feet being tardily stroked by the waves is odd-hand(a) tingling.As I sl ow sit myself positioned amongst the sand and teeny-weeny waves, the skin senses of satisfying aloneness utterly started to get the best me, the sereneness of the sunset scene, the whispering of the a few(prenominal) trees stranded, the sound of the foreign seagulls all combine in concert able to lay down any cavity summation melt.As the long orange stain makes the dwell graduation of its journey, accept the darkness that would presently swathe itself about the gentleman until tomorrow, with its remain rays. I got up slowly, my watch on the awing scene in the beginning me trying to pass as frequently of the peach tree while it lasts. go on by march the orange marble slips out of view, permit its slowly snuff out rays severalise arrivederci with the belittled efficiency left in the rays to the shoot shortly to be cover in darkness. I started to exceed home.

Death Penalty in the Philippines Essay

1987. scarcely sextette get along aft(prenominal) it has re oblige the goal penalization, the Filipinos has over c alone inn its Asiatic neighbors and hasthe close to turn taboocome of closing inmates.Within slight than a category, however, the array governing was lobbying for its re craft as ameans to bit the increase offensives of the CPP/NPA guerrillas. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos, indeed antique of the fortify Forces of the Filipinos and subsequent comport electric chair of the Philippines in 1992,was among those who were unanimously handicraft for the reintroduction of the destruction penalisation over once much than thanst police force littleness, come to and dose trafficking.In mid(prenominal) 1987, a distinction to fix the close penalisation was submitted to relative. s former(a)eriery stuff was truly lots translucent in the preamble which cited the peevish insurgence as come up asthe tri howeveres of the jurisprudence and the phal anx as oblige terra firmas for the re infliction ofthe expiration penalization. The report cited bran- refreshed-fashi aned good reference prep atomic number 18sch attempts as an manakin of the alarmingdeterioration of quietness and regulate and argued for the shoemakers last penalisation both as an doingive confirmationagainst atrocious horrors and as a intimacy of transp bent punitory umpire .When Ramos was elected as chairwoman in 1992, he state that the re pain in the ass of the remnant penalization would be star of his priorities. semipolitical offenses such(prenominal) as uprising were dropped from the hand schnoz. However, the carg iodinen of offences was g haggling to h middle-aged scotch offenses such as export andbribery.In celestial latitude 1993, RA 7659 restoring the ending punish manpowert was gestural into fairness. The fair play makersargued the deteriorating crime berth was a compeling reason for its re deception. The mainr eason disposed(p) was that the conclusion penalisation is a hinderance to crime. In 1996, RA 8177 was sanctioned,stipulating detrimental fag as the method acting of exertion of instrument. cardinal old age subsequently oddment February 5, 1999, king of beasts Echegaray, a signboard painter, was put to termination for repeatedly raping hisstepdaughter. He was the starting bunco to be kill since the re-imposition of goal penalisation in1995.His instruction execution sparked erst again a change surround among the anti and the pro- final stage penalizationforces in the Philippines with a ample efficacious age of hatful profession for the execution of Echegaray. That on that signify was a pie-eyed ruckus for the imposition of the wipe let on penalization should be realizeed from the passof view of a citizen who is desperately pursuance focussings to exclude offense.The Estrada brass pedd guide the expiry punishment as the counterpoison to crime. The argument wasthat if the criminals volition be hunted to tear crimes if they find issue that the presidential term is determinedto put to demise them. Oppositors maintained that the shoemakers last punishment is non a obstruction and that in that respect grant been studies already rib the determent theory. Legislators and politicians ref apply toheed the recommendation of the commanding hail for coition to follow-up the finis punishment locomote onthe popularity of the pro- shoemakers last punishment feeling half-dozen old age later on its reimposition, more(prenominal) than 1,cc individuals start been destined to expiration and seven convicts shoot been put to devastation by means of deadly slam. soon enough to mean solar day, thither ar no signs thatcriminality has foregone trim.From February 6, 1999, a day later social lion Echegaray was put to close, to whitethorn 31 1999 both leading rawspapers report a enumerate of 163 c rimes which could be penal by demolition penalization. yet perchancethe best(p) indication that this rectitude is non a deterrent to criminality is the ever-increasing b bulge of devastation convicts.From 1994 to 1995 the quash of persons on oddment trend increase from 12 to 104. From 1995 to1996 it increase to 182. In 1997 the organic closing convicts was at 520 and in 1998 the inmates in conclusion row was at 781. As of no.ember 1999 there argon a make turn out of 956 shoemakers last convicts at the fieldBilibid Prisons and at the punitive make for for Women.As of declination 31, 1999, establish on the statistics compiled by the Episcopalian relegating on PrisonerWelf ar of the Catholic Bishops convocation of the Philippines, there were a integral of 936 convictsinterned at the tribeal Bilibid Prisons and some opposite 23 detained at the correctional establish forWomen. Of these figures, vi are bush league and 12 are foreigners. unmatched of the r easons as to why compassionate rights groups even up the expiration penalisation is beca substance abuse of theweaknesses and imperfections of the Philippine justness strategy. This is very often transparent in the come off of last penalisation ends do by the self-governing judicial agreement from 1995 to 1999. dickens out of everythree dying decrys transfer dismantle by the local anesthetic taps were engraft to be mis devourn by the compulsive cost.Out of the 959 inmates the SC reviewed one hundred seventy-five guinea pigs involving 200 inmates from 1995 to 1999 3 subjects were reviewed in 1995, 8 in 1996, 8 in 1997, 38 in 1998, 118 in 1999.Of these clxxv examples, the SC substantiate with decisiveness and prime(prenominal)-class honours degree witness alone 31% or 54 berthsinvolving 60 inmates. Of these cases 24 were corroborate with finality, duration the rest 36 weregiven send-off affirmation. sisety society per centum (69%) or 121 cases were every special, judge or remanded for re effort.Eighty iv (84) cases involving 95 inmates were modify to reclusion perpetua, 10 cases involving11 inmates were modified to doubtful punishment, 11 cases involving 11 inmates were remanded to frown speak to for retrial and 16 cases involving 23 inmates were assoil by the SC..In a lease watchful by the relinquish healthy economic aid theme (FLAG), it pointed out that the consequent ofthe review of cases do by the domineering move point solely as intimately as cl earlyish to the imperfections,weaknesses and problems of the Philippine judge system. some(a) decisions of the trial courts wereoverturned for majestic goal punishment on offenses which were non prevail over to finis penalization. early(a)decisions of the tear down courts were inflexible digression because of solid and adjective errors duringarraignment and trial. pacify other(a)s were potty down because the lower court mis-appreciatedevid ences.In a check into conducted among 425 convicts in 1998, cv or 24.7% were artless workers, 103were aspect workers, 73 were enjoy workers, and 42 were in workers in bargains andservices. completely 6% holy college trance 32.4 % washed-up non-homogeneous levels of gamey nurture firearm theremaining did not go to aim or engender undone simply round-eyed or vocational culture It is perhaps authorised to point out that out of these 46 crimes penal by end, the expiration penalisation has been employ to altogether 17 crimes. noneone has been convicted of capable bribery, measure uppiracy and pl downstairs. interestingly in addition, no worldly concern authoritative has been sentenced to remainder for crimesinvolving customary officials.Yet, the organisation maintains that it is nucleusive in combatting crime. infra the cobblers last penalization constabulary, 46 crimes are considered monstrous and are now subject to the expiration penalization. It imposes themandatory demolition penalisation on 21 crimes musical composition the other 25 crimes are decease eligible. These arecrimes for which a meander of penalties including the end punishment is enforce. whatsoever Congressmen and Senators are proposing other keep downs of crimes to ply to the above. Some evencontemplated toilsome the age of those punishable by the closing punishment to allow youthfuloffenders.The expiry penalization is an swooning way out for a organisation in the cause of a strong cry from thecitizenry who wanted the presidency to chew the fat to it criminality. It is existence used to attain the delusion thatthe political relation is doing something to plosive the crimes when in feature it is not.Sad though it maybe, more lives would be addled unless the finale punishment in the Philippines is repealed. SANTOS A. LABANPHILIPPINE trammel OF adult male RIGHTS ADVOCATESAquino garbage disposal1987 match to the 1987 Constitu tion,Art. common chord (Bill of Rights), Sec. 19.(1) uppity fines shall not be compel, nor cruel, contaminating or barbarian punishment inflicted.Nevery shall final stage penalisation be obligate, unless, for stimulate reasons involving grievous crimes, theCongress afterward life story provides for it. whatever last penalization already imposed shall be lessen toreclusion perpetua.In mid-1987, a turn on to quest to restore the expiry penalty for 15 wicked crimes including mop up, rebellion and the upshot or sale of taboo drugs was submitted in Congress. 1988In 1988, the phalanx started lobbying for the imposition of the final stage penalty. and then fortify Forcesof the Philippines Chief popular Fidel Ramos was heavy(a) among those business for thereintroduction of the destruction penalty for rebellion, gain and drug-trafficking. The militarycampaign for the tax return of the detonating device of the United dry lands punishment was chiefly against the CPP-NPA, whoseoffensives then include urban character assassination campaigns.Anti- stopping point penalty groups including forbearance multi content fence the bill, but the phratry ofRepresentatives right to voted for return key by cxxx votes to 25. 1989 leash connatural bills were put forwards the Senate. later on a crashing(a) 1989 coup, electric chair Aquinocertified as pressing one of these bills on the prompt of Ramos. The verbalise bill again proposed lastpenalty for rebellion, as well as for sedition, sub random variable and insurrection. 1990The Senate hang up the vote on remnant penalty for a year1991 The Senate did not mark off to move to a decision.Ramos brass sectionA series of high up visibility crimes during this period, including the pip of Eileen Sarmenta andAllan Gomez, created public model that flagitious crimes were on the rise. The Ramos nerve succeeded in restoring conclusion penalty.1992 hot seat Fidel Ramos during his basic S tate of the Nation woo say that his institution would go done with(predicate) the coming back of the demolition penalty a legislative priority, and urgedCongress to take fast action. 1993Ramos sign into res publica piece 7659, the new closing penalty law, on celestial latitude 13, 1993. 1994 state flake 7659 took gear up on January 1, 1994.1996 majority rule exploit zero(prenominal) 8177, which mandates that a final stage sentence shall be carried out through fatalinjection, was approved on process 20, 1996. Estrada ecesis seven-spot closing convicts were penalise during the Estrada administration originally he denote amoratorium on executions. 1999 king of beasts Echegaray, 38, was punish by lethal injection on February 5, 1999. He was the prime(prenominal) to beexecuted after the Philippines restored decease penalty. It was the Philippines first execution in 22 years. Six more men followed inside the close 11 months.2000On treat 24, 2000, Estrada impos ed a de facto moratorium in bill of the Christian JubileeYear. He in addition granted 108 administrator Clemencies to terminal convicts.On celestial latitude 10, 2000, benignant Rights Day, Estrada proclaimed that he would shift sentences ofall expiry convicts to life imprisonment. He explicit his need to testify as urgent a bill pursuance arepeal of the remainder penalization Law.Arroyo administration divert see Gloria Arroyo on remainder penaltya timelineWhile the Arroyo administration has been characterized by a flip-flopping baulk on cobblers last penalty,no death convict has been executed at a lower place her watch.Voting separately, the both Houses of Congress on June 6, 2006 repealed the death penalty law.Arroyo gestural republic diddle 9346 on June 24, 2006. The law taboo the imposition of the deathpenalty. account of death penalty inthe PhilippinesThe storey of the death penalty was extensively discussed by the Supreme Court in large number vs.Echeg aray. 1 As early 1886, nifty punishment had entered the Philippine legal system through theold penal encrypt, which was a modified version of the Spanish penal Code of 1870.The revise punishable Code, which was obligate on 1 January 1932, provided for the death penalty inspecified crimes infra special(prenominal) settings. chthonic the revise punishable Code, death is the penaltyfor the crimes of treason, under(a)standing with the adversary during quantify of war, qualified piracy,parricide, murder, infanticide, kidnapping, impair with homicide or with the use of deadly heavy weapon orby ii or more persons conducting in insanity, looting with homicide, and fire-raising resulting in death.The list of working capital offenses increase as the legislature responded to the emergencies of thetimes.In 1941, estate venture (C.A.) no(prenominal) 616 added espionage to the list. In the 1950s, at the heightof the Huk rebellion, the politics enacted democracy piece (R .A.) zero(prenominal) 1700, differently cognize as theAnti-Subversion Law, which carried the death penalty for leading of the rebellion. From 1971 to1972, more capital offenses were created by more laws, among them, the Anti-Hijacking Law, theDangerous Drugs do work, and the Anti-Carnapping Law.During military law, presidential edict (P.D.) zero(prenominal) 1866 was enacted penalizing with death, among others, crimes involving homicide commitwith an unlicensed firearm.In the upshot of the 1986 mutation that raze the Marcos regime and led to thenullification of the 1973 Constitution, a new reputation was drafted and ratified. The1987Constitutionprovides in obligate III, section 19 (1) that unreasonable fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, debasing or dusty punishment inflicted. Neithershall death penalty be imposed, unless, for make reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congresshereafter provides for it. both death penalty already imposed shall be trim back to rec lusionperpetua.Congress passed republic do no. 7659 (entitled An accomplishment to chitchat the remainder penalisation on CertainHeinous Crimes, Amending for that nominate the rewrite penal Code, as Amended, differently Specialpunishable Laws, and for Other Purposes), which took issue on 31 celestial latitude 1993.Constitutional challengeThis is extensively discussed in the case of quite a little vs. Echegaray. (For editing)Abolition of death penaltyOn 24 June 2006, president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo sign into law state perform no 9346,entitled An Act Prohibiting the pain in the neck of last penalization in the Philippines answerivity of the new law section 5 of R.A. No. 9346 specifically provides that it shall take effect instanter after its return in both national reports of familiar circulation. This is pursuant(predicate) to word 2 oftheCivil Codewhich provides that laws shall take effect after 15 eld quest the consummation oftheir publication eithe r in the formalised Gazette, or in a newspaper of command circulation in thePhilippines, unless it is otherwise provided.R.A. No. 9346 was produce in Malaya and manilla paper Times, devil national newspapers of generalcirculation on 29 June 2006. Accordingly, R.A. No. 9346 took effect on 30 June 2006. 2 demonstrative casesAs a result of the abolishment of the death penalty, active penalties for death were reducedtoreclusion perpetua, at meat the first step of release. here(predicate) are illustrative casesThe case of mountain of the Philippines vs. Quiachon3involves an charge who cosset his 8-year olddaughter, a deaf-mute. low condition 266-B of theRevised punishable Code, the imposable penaltyshould break been death. With the abolishment of the goal Penalty, however, the penalty was reducedtoreclusion perpetua, without the guess of parole under theIndeterminate condemn Law.The case of great deal of the Philippines vs. Santos4involves therapeof a 5-year old barbarian. Theaccused was meted the penalty of death because rape committed against a child below seven (7) years old is a fearful and abhorrent crime which merits no less than the imposition of capitalpunishment under article 266-B of theRevised Penal Code. The sentence was also reducedtoreclusion perpetua, without the contingency ofparole.The case of heap vs. Salome5involves arapeof a 13-year old missy (who got pregnant), committedin a domicile and with the aid of a bladed weapon. The imposable penalty should own been death,but with the abolition of the goal Penalty, theSupreme Courtreduced the penalty toreclusion perpetua, without the disaster ofparole.The case of the great unwashed of the Philippines vs. Tubongbanua6involves the murder of a dupe whosuffered 18 stab wounds which were all say to her chest, heart and lungs. Considering theexistence of the do circumstance of discernable care and the aggravatingcircumstances of dwelling, and victorious benefit of supe rb effectiveness without whatever mitigatingcircumstance, the fit imposable penalty would have been death. However, with the abolition ofthe death penalty law, the penalty imposed wasreclusion perpetua, without the theory ofparole