Paragraph Construction - ESL Writing Lesson

Section Construction - ESL Writing Lesson There are two structures to learn in English that are significant recorded as a hard copy: the sentence and the passage. Sections can be depicted as an assortment of sentences. These sentences consolidate to communicate a particular thought, central matter, subject, etc. Various passages are then consolidated to compose a report, an exposition, or even a book. This manual for composing passages depict the essential structure of each section you will compose. When all is said in done, the motivation behind a section is to communicate oneâ mainâ point, thought or supposition. Obviously, journalists may give different guides to help their point. Nonetheless, any supporting subtleties should bolster the fundamental thought of a section. This primary thought is communicated through three areas of a passage: Starting - Introduce your thought with a subject sentenceMiddle - Explain your thought through supporting sentencesEnd - Make your point again with a finishing up sentence, and, if important progress to the following section. Model Paragraph Here is a section taken from an article on different methodologies required for a general improvement of understudy execution. The segments of this passage are examined underneath: Have you at any point asked why a few understudies cannot appear to gather in class? Understudies require progressively recreational time so as to all the more likely spotlight on exercises in class. Truth be told, considers have indicated that understudies who appreciate an opening of over 45 minutes reliably score better on tests quickly following the break time frame. Clinical examination further recommends that physical exercise incredibly improves the capacity to concentrate on scholarly materials. Longer times of break are unmistakably required to permit understudies the most ideal odds of achievement in their examinations. Plainly, physical exercise is only one of the vital elements for improving understudy scores on government sanctioned tests. There are four sentence types used to develop a passage: Snare and Topic sentence A passage starts with a discretionary snare and a theme sentence. The snare is utilized to bring perusers into the section. A snare may be an intriguing truth or measurement, or an inquiry to get the peruser thinking. While not completely important, a snare can enable your perusers to start contemplating your primary thought. The theme sentence which expresses your thought, point, or assessment. This sentence should utilize a solid action word and offer a strong expression. (snare) Have you at any point asked why a few understudies cannot appear to pack in class? (point sentence) Students require increasingly recreational time so as to all the more likely spotlight on exercises in class. Notice the solid action word require which is a source of inspiration. A more fragile type of this sentence may be: I think understudies likely need progressively recreational time ... This more vulnerable structure is unseemly for a subject sentence. Supporting sentences Supporting sentences (notice the plural) give clarifications and backing to the point sentence (principle thought) of your passage. Truth be told, considers have demonstrated that understudies who appreciate an opening of over 45 minutes reliably score better on tests quickly following the break time frame. Clinical examination further recommends that physical exercise extraordinarily improves the capacity to concentrate on scholarly materials. Supporting sentences give the proof to your point sentence. Supporting sentences that incorporate realities, measurements and legitimate thinking are significantly more persuading that straightforward explanations of assessment. Finishing up sentence The finishing up sentence rehashes the fundamental thought (found in your subject sentence) and strengthens the point or feeling. Longer times of break are obviously required to permit understudies the most ideal odds of achievement in their investigations. Finishing up sentences rehash the primary thought of your section in various words. OptionalTransitional sentencefor Essays and Longer Writing The transitional sentence readies the peruser for the accompanying passage. Unmistakably, physical exercise is only one of the fundamental elements for improving understudy scores on government sanctioned tests. Transitional sentences should help perusers legitimately comprehend the association between your present principle thought, point or feeling and the primary thought of your next passage. In this case, the expression only one of the vital fixings ... readies the peruser for the following passage which will examine another fundamental element for progress. Test Distinguish each sentence as indicated by the job it plays in a passage. Is it a snare, theme sentence, supporting sentence, or finishing up sentence? To summarize, instructors must attempt to guarantee that understudies work on composing as opposed to simply taking different decision tests.However, because of the weights of enormous study halls, numerous educators attempt to compromise by giving various decision quizzes.Nowadays, instructors understand that understudies need to effectively rehearse their composing abilities however audit of essential ideas is additionally required. Have you at any point excelled on a various decision test, just to understand that you dont truly comprehend the topic?Real learning requires practice not simply style practices that emphasis on checking their understanding.â Answers Finishing up sentence - Phrases, for example, To, taking everything into account, lastly present a closing sentence.Supporting sentence - This sentence gives motivation to numerous decisions and supports the primary thought of the paragraph.Supporting sentence - This sentence gives data about current showing rehearses as a methods for supporting the fundamental idea.Hook - This sentence enables the peruser to envision the issue as far as their own life. This enables the peruser to turn out to be by and by occupied with the topic.Thesis - The striking proclamation gives the general purpose of the paragraph.â Exercise  Write a circumstances and logical results passage to clarify one of the accompanying: The troubles in finding a jobThe impacts of innovation on learningCauses of political unrestThe significance of English

Should Public High School Students Have Access to “The Kite Runner”‘s Content

Should Public High School understudies approach â€Å"The Kite Runner†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs content? Khaled Hosseni’s renowned novel, â€Å"The Kite Runner† is one of the most mainstream books of the decade. It is #1 New York Bestseller with sold in excess of 10 million duplicates. Despite the fact that the book has massive notoriety, the book is prohibited in a few nations including Afghanistan, Hosseni’s mother land in light of its sexual direction and the utilization of disgusting language. The legislature accepts the novel will shock the Afghan people group and may prompt turbulent situation.Even however a few promoters of restricting the novel for training educational program may contend that, the book contains assaults in realistic detail, the utilization of profane language, hostile language and ethnic pressures, these sentimental pundits are excessively narrow minded in their common philosophy. Hosseni’s epic, â€Å"The Kite Runner† shouldnâ€℠¢t be restricted from secondary school understudies due to its instructing about unwaveringness, absolution, penance and furthermore gives an understanding of genuine world close by its gigantic popularity.Khaled Hosseni’s smash hit book, â€Å"The Kite Runner† shouldn’t be prohibited from secondary school educational plan. The book shows various occurrences which give significant exercises to the peruser through its statements. For instance, when Amir discussed sin, Baba stated, â€Å"No matter what the mullah instructs, there is just one sin, just one. What's more, that is theft† (Hosseni, 17). Baba thought taking is the main sin an individual can carry out; different wrongdoings are simply extraordinary type of crime.This exhibits the debilitation of bad habit, exists in the novel, which has incredible effect on reader’s mind. Furthermore, the book gives a profundity knowledge of this present reality. It exhibits the corruption of the war, the s ignificance of family relationship and furthermore urges individuals to go to bat for reality and obliterate the bogus. So that’s why the book shouldn’t be restricted. Then again, the adversaries of the thought contend to preclude the entrance from claiming book to open secondary school understudies for different reasons. The book contains a homosexuality assault scene in realistic detail which is ostensibly unseemly for secondary school understudies. †(Green, Tracy. It’s Banned Book of the Week? Why Kite Runner? www. authorexposure. com . Sept 30, 2009. Web. April 13, 2013. http://www. authorexposure. com/2009/09/its-restricted book-week-why-kite-sprinter. html) As Assef attempts to show Hassan a thing or two, â€Å"Assef bowed behind Hassan, put his hand on Hassan’s hips and lifted his uncovered bum. He kept one hand on Hassan’s back and fixed his own belt clasp with his free hand. He unfastened

Haldol (Haloperidol) Possible Side Effects

Haldol (Haloperidol) Possible Side Effects Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Potential Side Effects of Haldol (Haloperidol) By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 31, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 moodboard Collection/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Symptoms Diagnosis In This Article Table of Contents Expand Emergencies Serious Side Effects Mild Side Effects Tardive Dyskinesia Overdose and Discontinuation View All Back To Top Haldolâ€"generic name haloperidolâ€"is a typical antipsychotic drug effectively used in the management of mania, agitation, and psychosis in various mental illnesses, including bipolar disorder. While Haldol can be an effective treatment, it also carries the risk of significant side effects. A patient taking Haldol or haloperidol should be aware of the potential side effects of this medication, some of which are medical emergencies. Its important to be aware of the possible effects listed below, but also to let your doctor know if you have any physical changes which concern you. Unfortunately, all of the drugs used to treat psychosis carry some risk for side effects. Choosing a medication to treat psychosis is often a process of choosing which side effects you are most able to tolerate. Emergency Haldol Side Effects There are some side effects of Haldol, that while uncommon, are potentially extremely serious. If you note any of these side effects, stop taking your Haldol and seek help immediately. In the case of some of these side effects, such as seizures, you may be unable to call yourself. Make sure that your friends and loved ones know about these possible side effects and to call if they should see you experiencing any of them. Potential effects include: Convulsions (seizures from neuroleptic malignant syndrome)Difficult or fast breathingFast heartbeat or irregular pulseHigh feverLow blood pressureIncreased sweatingSevere muscle stiffnessUnusually pale skin Potentially Serious Side Effects Some of the following side effects may be less serious, but should prompt you to call your doctor as soon as possible. More common serious side effects include:?? Difficulty in speaking or swallowingInability to move eyesLoss of balance controlMask-like faceMuscle spasms, especially in the neck and backSevere restlessness or need to keep movingShuffling walkStiffness of arms and legsTrembling and shaking of fingers and handsTwisting body movementsWeakness of arms and legs Less common serious side effects include: Decreased thirstDifficulty urinatingDizziness, lightheadedness or faintingHallucinationsLip-smacking or puckeringPuffing of cheeksRapid or worm-like tongue movementsSkin rashUncontrolled chewing movementsUncontrolled arm and leg movements Rare but serious side effects: ConfusionHot, dry skin or lack of sweatingIncreased blinking or eyelid spasmsMuscle weaknessSore throat and feverUncontrolled twisting movements of neck, trunk, arms or legsUnusual bleeding or bruisingUnusual facial expressions or body positionsYellow eyes or skin (jaundice) Less Serious (Mild) Haldol Side Effects There are several less serious side effects that people may experience while using Haldol. Though these are not an emergency or dont usually mean that you need to stop the medication, talk to your doctor if you find them bothersome. There are sometimes measures you can take to either cope with these side effects or help them to go away, for example, by using sunscreen when you are out of doors. More common mild side effects:?? Blurred visionChanges in menstrual periodConstipationMouth drynessBreast swelling or pain in womenUnusual secretion of milk from breastsWeight gain Less common mild side effects: Decreased sexual abilityDrowsinessIncreased sun sensitivity (involving skin rash, itching, redness or other skin discoloration, or severe sunburn)Nausea or vomiting Tardive Dyskinesia With Haldol Treatment with Haldol can cause a movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia. This disorder is thought to occur due to an increased brain sensitivity to the neurotransmitter dopamine. Signs of tardive dyskinesia include fine, worm-like movements of the tongue, or other uncontrolled movements of the mouth, tongue, cheeks, jaw, or arms and legs. These symptoms may not go away after you stop taking the drug. Unfortunately, this side effect is far too common with long-term use. Approximately 24% to 32% of people taking this medication might develop some degree of tardive dyskinesia.?? Research shows that other drugs for bipolar disorder may not have as great a risk of tardive dyskinesia as Haldol. However, they do carry their own risks. If youre concerned about your risk, talk to your doctor about your medication options. You may wish to go over the alternative medications that are available and determine which ones have a side effect profile that you find would be more tolerable for you. For those who need to take Haldol, research is in progress looking at methods of decreasing the risk of tardive dyskinesia. Many of the studies, such as those looking at antioxidants such as Ginkgo biloba or alpha-tocopherol (a type of vitamin E), have only been done on animals in the lab, but its likely we will soon learn more about how to protect people from these side effects.?? Before starting the medication, talk to your doctor about any options she feels may decrease your risk.? Overdose and Discontinuation of Haldol When youre discontinuing Haldol, you may experience trembling in your fingers and hands, along with uncontrolled movements of your mouth, tongue, and jaw. If you do have these side effects, notify your doctor as soon as possible. Symptoms of a Haldol overdose include severe breathing difficulty; severe dizziness; severe drowsiness; severe muscle trembling, jerking, stiffness or uncontrolled movements; and severe, unusual tiredness or weakness.?? If you experience these symptoms, seek emergency medical assistance. Antipsychotics Used to for Bipolar Disorder

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder Essay - 1278 Words

1 HelenKeller541 Physiology October 26, 2016 Abstract: Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder; also referred to as manic depressive disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V, 2013). Bipolar disorder is a depressive disorder with manic episodes, it is placed between the chapters on schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders in recognition of their place as a bridge between the two diagnostics in terms of symptomology, family history, and genetics (DSM-V, 2013). Manic depression is a disease of the brain that causes episodes of severe mood swings that can range from depressive lows to manic highs (Goldberg, 2016). There are two different classifications of bipolar disorder - Bipolar I and Bipolar II. Bipolar I have extreme manic episodes where bipolar II have hypomanic episodes meaning they are less extreme (DSM-V, 2013). To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder- one must have met the criteria for at least one major depressive episode with the symptoms being presen t during the same two week period, they would also have to meet the criteria for a manic episode which may be preceded by and may be followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes, this criteria can be found in the DSM-V. Doctors and scientist are unsure of the exact cause of symptoms, however relations between biological differences in the brain, an imbalance of neurotransmitters, and inherited traits are believed to be some of the mainShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder706 Words   |  3 PagesBipolar disorder is a serious mental illness that is characterized by changes in mood. It can lead to risky behavior, damage relationships and careers, and even suicidal outcomes if it’s not treated. Bipolar disorder is more common in older teenagers and young adults, it can affect children as young as 6. 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The Impacts of False Accusations in The Crucible by Arthur...

The Crucible The crucible, a play by Arthur Miller, a story about adultery, false accusations, and forgiving. The story is a real life based event that happened in the 1600’s when people were falsely being accused of being â€Å"Witches†. Along with the false accusations, it led to punishments such as death. In The Crucible, John Proctor’s reputation around the town is known as an Adulterer, he was also victim of false accusations brought against him, and he was forgiving of his sins.] Abigail was a servant in Proctor ´s house. Elizabeth was not a very loving woman. Proctor fell for Abigail created an affair with her. â€Å"After he had confessed it to Elizabeth, she dismissed her from her service because she did not want to tell the people in Salem that the reason was the affair between John and Abigail.† (Dulain). Abigail, Tituba and the girls went to the forest in the morning. They danced and murmured words, Abigail drank blood to curse John Proctor’s wife Elizabeth, and she would do anything to have John Proctor. Reverend Paris fond blood, Abigail and the girl’s dancing, and mercy naked. Abigail knew drinking blood is a form of witchcraft, so she tries to cover up on what they actually did in the forest. She threatens the girls to not say a word or she will harm them. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy recko ning that will shudder you. (Miller)Show MoreRelatedImpact Of Irrational Fear On The Crucible By Arthur Miller1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Irrational Fear in The Crucible Throughout history, many horrific incidents based on an act of violence or disagreement have resulted in panic and mass hysteria. These historical events include but are not limited to, The Holocaust, mass shootings, and 9/11. 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Later it is revealed that Nash suffers from Schizophrenia. â€Å"Schizophrenia is a collection of related psychiatric d isorders of unknown etiology that follow a specific pattern of behavior† (Basile 747). This was also seen in the play The Crucible. In this specific play Abigail Williams

Ethical Issues Management Free Essays

ETHICAL ISSUES AND MANAGEMENT PAPER Ethical Issues and Management Paper Jamie Culley University of Phoenix Online Campus Ethical Issues and Management Paper Introduction. The responsibilities of a manager go far beyond supervision. In fact, managers are forced to make important decisions every day that affect the company, their employees, and possibly the public depending on the circumstance. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Managers take part in hiring, performance, evaluation, discipline, and termination. They are also involved in any circumstance that pertains to harassment and diversity, and they must make a conscious effort to set a good example for their employees. The following paper will focus primarily on discipline; describe the moral and ethical issues faced by managers dealing with discipline; include how the issue affects other individuals; explain how relationships between social issues and ethically responsible management practices apply to discipline; provide a workplace example of an ethical dilemma involving discipline; and discuss any laws governing the manager who provided the discipline in such an ethical dilemma. Discipline Describe the moral and ethical issues faced by managers dealing with your selected topic. Include how the issue affects other individuals. In the case of discipline, managers must know how to appropriately discipline their employees. Managers must ensure equality amongst employees in regard to discipline so as to obey the U. S. Sentencing Guidelines, which â€Å"specify that all employees in an organization must receive consistent discipline for similar infractions† (Trevino Nelson, 2007, p. 159). Managers must also ensure equality amongst employees in regard to discipline because it is the ethical thing to do. For instance, consider that a certain man has been working for a company for 20 years and he gets aught misusing corporate resources. In this scenario, a manager might be tempted to give him a warning or even write him up for his actions because of his loyalty to the company. Now consider that a certain man has been working for the same company for two years and he also gets caught misusing corporate resources. Yet, in this scenario the manager terminates him for his actions. The U. S. Sentencing Guidelin es seek to ensure that both employees are given the same measure of discipline, which is also the ethical thing to do on the manager’s behalf. Furthermore, â€Å"hiring, performance evaluation, discipline, and terminations can be ethical issues because they all involve honesty, fairness, and the dignity of the individual† (Trevino Nelson, 2007, p. 162, 163). If values such as honesty, dignity, and fairness are acknowledged in circumstances involving discipline, then managers and their companies should have no real concern for negative, public exposure. There are effective ways that managers can go about disciplining employees for their actions. These ways should involve disciplining employees in a constructive and professional manner. Discipline should generally be done in private, allow input from the employee, and it should be consistent with the way past employees have been treated for similar actions or behaviors (Trevino Nelson, 2007). Discipline affects other individuals such as the affected employee’s family members, co-workers, and the general public. When an employee is disciplined in the appropriate manner, a message is sent to the rest of the company’s employees. This message communicates that certain measures will be taken to address and rid the company of inappropriate behaviors and actions. As a result, employees will know to be more conscious of their behaviors and actions to ensure that they are not disciplined for the same reasons. If discipline has been taken to the extreme and an employee has been terminated from a company, the family of that employee will be greatly affected. What if that employee is not eligible for unemployment? This could trigger a huge financial burden for the entire family. Finally, the public is very much affected when an employee endures termination as their disciplinary measure. As a result of a termination an employment opportunity opens up for the public to apply for. This could mean that the man or woman who has been searching for a job to provide for their family will be employed and now able to fulfill the needs of his or her family. The economy is affected in various ways as people are terminated from their employed positions (Trevino Nelson, 2007). Explain how the relationship between social issues and ethically responsible management practices apply to your topic. Social issues and how they relate to ethically responsible management practices need to be considered when disciplinary action is involved between management and employees. Managers need to research why an employee is exuding behaviors such as tardiness, harassment, misuse of corporate resources, and discrimination. For example, a newly hired employee named Judy has been consistently late for her first month of employment. Her manager should address her behavior privately, and ask her why she is often late for work. The case could be that Judy is a single mom of three children who attend a private school on the other side of the city where no bus route has been established. In this case, her manager should find out if flexible work hours can become more available to all employees on the team and go from there. Another social issue could be that Joe, a long-time employee, is going through a divorce, which is costing him a fortune. As a result, Joe cannot afford his car payments and is now without reliable transportation to and from work. Joe’s financial status is communicating poverty. Over time, Joe is not only tardy to work because of his transportation issues, but his clothes are looking ragged and he is in no position to meet with clients. Joe’s work performance is now failing because of his financial situation. In this case, disciplinary action needs to be carefully considered and documented when dealing with Joe’s poor work performance. It is important to document the disciplinary action taken so that the same discipline can be directed at a future situation to ensure equality (Trevino Nelson, 2007). Provide a workplace example of an ethical dilemma involving your topic. Did any laws govern the manager’s actions? A workplace dilemma involving discipline could involve an employee who is being harassed because of her sexual preference, and as a result she is harassing people in retaliation by directing hateful comments toward fellow co-workers. In this scenario, several people’s behaviors need to be addressed: the employees initially harassing the woman because of her sexual preference, and the woman being harassed who is retaliating. Laws do govern the manager’s actions, especially if the manager ignores the issue at hand. Managers are now being held responsible for their employees’ actions if inappropriate behaviors are not dealt with and knowingly ignored. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which is linked with the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission is in place to ensure discrimination is eliminated from the work place and dealt with appropriately (Trevino Nelson, 2007). Conclusion. In summary, employees are held accountable to their managers and managers to their employees. Managers are held accountable to their employees because it is their responsibility to make ethical decisions and abide by laws that govern their decision-making. Managers must strive to practice honesty, dignity, and fairness in their workplace as pertains to disciplining employees. They should also discipline employees the ethical way by holding a private meeting, being constructive, professional, allowing the employee’s input, and in consistency with past disciplinary action. Social issues that pertain to the work place involve family issues, personal issues, diversity, and much more (Trevino Nelson, 2007). References: Trevino, L. , Nelson, K. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right (4th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. How to cite Ethical Issues Management, Essays

Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Essay Example

Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Paper Introduction3 Results4 Discussion6 Conclusion7 Experimental7 References8 Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone Introduction When hydrogens are present on the ? -carbon of ketones (like the reaction used in this experiment), carbonyl compounds and aldehydes, they turn the compound slightly acidic1. These functional groups are removed by using a basic solution as shown in (i) below1. The product formed with water is stable only due to resonance, but does not form a very stable equilibrium. Enamine reactions are used to avoid many problems usually associated with alkylating or acylating carbonyl compounds when they are reacted with aqueous sodium hydroxide1 as shown in reactions (ii) and (iv)1. The main problem being that the reaction results in a great number of crucial secondary side reactions, such as those in equations (iii), (iv) and (vi), and this in turn results in the main product formed in (i) being only available in small amounts because of the previously mentioned unstable equilibrium, while nucleophile OH- in equation (iii) is much higher1. When the OH- reacts with alkyl halide (iii) or acyl halide (iv), the conjugate base will tend to react with the unreacted carbonyl compound by means of an aldol condensation reaction as shown in equation (vi)1. Results Preparation of the enamine PyrrolidineCyclohexanone Molecular formula: C4H9NMolecular formula: C6H10O Volume: 4. 0 ml+. Volume: 5. 0 ml Density: 0. 87 g cm-3Density: 0. 95 g cm-3 Boiling point: 87? CBoiling point: 156? C Masses were worked out using densities: Mass cyclohexanone = 0. 947g/ml x 5ml = 4. 739g Therefore moles = mass/molar mass = 4. 739g/98. 15g mol-1 = 0. 483 moles Mass pyrrolidine = 0. 866g/mol x 4. 0 ml = 3. 464g Therefore moles = mass/molar mass = 3. 464 / 71. 11g mol-1 Addition of the acetic anhydride EnamineAcetic Anhydride Molecular formula: C10H9N Molecular formula: C4H6O3 ¬ (2) Volume: 4. 5 ml Density: 1. 08 g cm-3 (2) Molecular Weight: 102. 1 g/mol Boiling point: 139. 8? C(2) Moles : 0. 04760 moles Acetic anhydride is the limiting reagent The s toichiometric ratio of acetic anhydride to 2 acetylcyclohexanone is 1:1 Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene2-Acetylcyclohexanone We will write a custom essay sample on Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Preparation of 2-Acetylcyclohexanone specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Molecular Weight: 151. 25 g mol-1 Molecular Weight: 140. 18 g mol ¬-1 Mass: 0. 14g Moles: 0. 04760 moles The stoichiometric ratio of acetic anhydride to 2 acetylcyclohexanone is 1:1, therefore there is 0. 04760 moles of 2-acetylcyclohexanone. Theoretical mass of 2-acetylcyclohexanone = 0. 04760mol x 140. 18g/mol = 6. 673g Percentage yield = Actual yield/ Theoretical yield x 100 = 0. 14g/6. 673g x 100 = 2. 10% Discussion As previously mentioned, aldehydes and ketones will tend to react with primary amines in order to form an imine, as can be seen in step 2 below. Enamines are very easily alkylated due to them being very nucleophillic1. The first step entails the reaction of pyrrolidine and cyclohexanone with p-Toluenesulfonic acid to form a toluene solution of the enamine as shown below. Step 1: Reaction of pyrrolidine and cyclohexanone with p-Toluenesulfonic acid to form a toluene solution of the enamine The second step involves the reaction of the toluene solution of the enamine with acetic anhydride to form 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene, which is the intermediate of the reaction. This intermediate is not seen as it cannot be isolated due to it being very unstable. Step 2: Reaction of the enamine with the acetic anhydride to form 1-pyrrolidinocyclohexene (the intermediate) The third and final step is the reaction of the intermediate(1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene) with water in order to form final product 2-acetylcyclohexanone. Step 3: 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene (the intermediate) reacts with water in order to form 2-acetylcyclohexanone. The product was isolated by means of using a separator funnel. The solution was cooled till it was room temperature and transferred to a seperatory funnel. 10 ml water was also added to the funnel and the contents were mixed thoroughly by inverting the funnel several times and releasing the gas build-up pressure by releasing the valve on the stopcock. The aqueous layer was the bottom layer due to it being higher in density than the organic layer and was disposed of in a beaker. Similarly, the organic layer was rinsed with three portions of hydrochloric acid (3M) and finally rinsed again with water (10 ml). The organic layer was transferred to a clean 250 ml beaker and dried over MgSO4 – MgSO4 was added until it stopped clumping together at the bottom of the beaker in solution. The MgSO4 drying agent was then filtered off by vacuum suction. The melting point range obtained in the experiment was 110-119? C, which is not the same as the theoretical boiling point of 138? C. This could be due to impurities present in the sample, like water, which would lower the boiling point. The % yield was particularly low and could be attributed to insufficient reflux of the enamine solution that was supposed to have een refluxed for a minimum of half an hour, but due to time constraints, was only refluxed for 20 minutes. Another way to make 2-acetylcyclohexanone is by using a suspension of tellurium chloride and chloroform4 Conclusion There are three steps in the mechanism to forming 2-acetylcyclohexanone. These are reacting pyrrolidine and cyclohexanone with p-Toluenesulfonic acid to form a tol uene solution of the enamine, reaction of the enamine with the acetic anhydride to form 1-pyrrolidinocyclohexene, and reacting 1-pyrrolidino-1-cyclohexene (the intermediate) with water in order to form 2-acetylcyclohexanone. The melting point range obtained experimentally was 110-119? C and is very different from the theoretical melting point range due to errors that have occurred during the procedure of the practical and are explained in the discussion above. The particularly low % yield of 2. 10% is due to insufficient reflux time. Experimental Preparation of the toluene solution of the enamine A 100ml round bottomed flask was pre-weighed, after which cyclohexanone (5. 0ml), pyrrolidine (4. 0ml), toluene-4-sulfonic acid (0. 1g) and 40 ml toluene were added to it. boiling chips were also added to the reagent mixture so as to prevent loss of product due to splashing and boiling of the product. The Dean and Stark apparatus was set up individually by each student. The 100 ml round bottomed flask with reagent mixture was then fit to the Dean and Stark apparatus with a reflux condenser fit to the top of the apparatus. The reflux condenser was fit with a calcium chloride drying tube in order to prevent atmosp heric moisture from reacting with the contents of the round bottomed flask, and also to serve as a means to relieve pressure formed during the reaction. A heating mantle was used to heat the round bottomed flask till a vigorous reflux of the toluene, with vapour rising up the condenser was observable. It was observed that the water that formed as a result of the reaction of the toluene reflux collected in the trap portion of the Dean and Stark trap apparatus. Once the solution was boiling, reflux was continued for an hour. During this waiting period, a solution of acetic anhydride (4. 5 ml) in toluene (10 ml) was prepared. Once reflux was complete after one hour, the solution was cooled till it could be handled comfortably and the Dean and Stark apparatus was removed. While waiting for the flask to cool, the distillation setup was prepared by re-positioning the condenser with both a receiver and receiver flask. The now cooled round bottomed flask was fit with a thermometer attached by means of a still head and fit to the distillation setup. The flask was once again heating using a heating mantle to distil pyrrolidine and water that was still present. Distillation was continued until the temperature reached 108-110? C. Thereafter, the round bottomed flask was allowed to cool down to room temperature after removing it from the distillation setup and removing the still head with thermometer. Preparation of the 2-Acetylcyclohexanone The acetic anhydride solution that had been previously prepared was then added to the round bottom flask containing the enamine solution while stirring and was further stirred for 15 minutes. Water (5 ml) and 3 boiling chips was then added to the flask and fit with a reflux condenser. This new reagent mixture containing intermediate product enamine was heated under reflux for a full 30 minutes once the solution came to a boil. This was the stopping point for day 1 of the experiment. The round bottomed flask was labelled and stoppered for continuation of the experiment on the following week. On day 2 of the experiment, the content of the round bottomed flask was transferred to a separating funnel. Water (10 ml) was used to rinse the round bottomed flask and this rinsing was added to the separating funnel. The content of the funnel was mixed well and the gas was released by opening the stopcock. The aqueous layer was the lower layer and was separated from the organic layer, which remained in the funnel. Similarly, the organic layer was rinsed with three portions of hydrochloric acid (3M) and finally rinsed again with water (10 ml). The organic layer was transferred to a clean 250 ml beaker and dried over MgSO4 – MgSO4 was added until it stopped clumping together at the bottom of the beaker in solution. The MgSO4 drying agent was then filtered off by vacuum suction. The vacuum distillation setup was then prepared and the filtered solution was transferred to this setup in order to distil off the toluene at its boiling point of 110? C at 760 mmHg pressure. The remaining residue was put in a very small round bottomed flask. This flask was attached to a short path condenser with 3 anti-bumping granules added to the flask. 3 very small receiver flasks were preweighed before the product was flame distilled. Flame distillation took place under reduced pressure by means of using the bench vacuum. different fractions of product during the distillation were collected in 3 different receiver flasks. The temperature range that each of the fractions were collected at were recorded. The added masses of the product collected in all three flasks were used. References 1. http://www. courses. chem. psu. edu/chem36/Chem36H/IndivExpt1/435%20Acetylcyclohexanone. pdf – Accessed 11/08/08 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Acetic_anhydride – Accessed 11/08 /08 3. P. Y Bruice, Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition, Pearson Education Inc. , 2004, USA pgs 747-753 4. http://www. freepatentsonline. com/4355097. html